Exercise and the Cardiovascular System

Abstract

There are alarming increases in the incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The risk of these diseases is significantly reduced by appropriate lifestyle modifications such as increased physical activity. However, the exact mechanisms by which exercise influences the development and progression of cardiovascular disease are unclear. In this paper we review some important exercise-induced changes in cardiac, vascular, and blood tissues and discuss recent clinical trials related to the benefits of exercise. We also discuss the roles of boosting antioxidant levels, consequences of epicardial fat reduction, increases in expression of heat shock proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins, mitochondrial adaptation, and the role of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial potassium channels in the contributing to the cardioprotection offered by exercise. In terms of vascular benefits, the main effects discussed are changes in exercise-induced vascular remodeling and endothelial function. Exercise-induced fibrinolytic and rheological changes also underlie the hematological benefits of exercise.

Aerobic exercise training promotes physiological cardiac remodeling involving a set of microRNAs

“…Among them, the set of adaptations induced in the myocardium are collectively referred to as "athlete's heart" and includes increased cardiac mass, formations of new blood vessels, and decreased collagen content (15a, 17, 20, 23, 77, 91). Individuals with high levels of physical activity have a lower prevalence and lower death rates from CVD (32,86). Thus exercise training has been established not only as a way to maintain a healthy lifestyle but also as an important and safe nonpharmacological prescription for prevention and treatment of CVD.…”

Physical Training in Programs of Secondary Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation of Patients with Hypertension

“…Таким чином, результати дослі-джень доводять позитивний вплив програм фізич-них тренувань на АТ, ліпідний профіль, ризик вини-кнення ССЗ та їх ускладнень, толерантність до фізичних навантажень та якість життя пацієнтів с ССЗ [8]. Зростання кількості пацієнтів залучених в програми КР та вторинної профілактики з 2007 по 2012 роки призвело до значного зниження серцево-судинної смертності в країнах, в яких вони ефек-тивно функціонують [10].…”

State estimation and simultaneous unknown input and measurement noise reconstruction based on adaptive H ∞ observer

“…Hence, unknown input observer designs can be found their applications in many fields, including fault-tolerant control design, fault diagnosis and isolation, and chaos synchronization-based secure communication [6,7]. Recently, many results on unknown input observer designs can be found in literatures [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

“…Since in most cases, systems can suffer from not only actuator faults or external disturbances (which are called unknown inputs), but also measurement noise, sensor faults, or disturbances existing in the output channel, designing unknown input observers for systems with both unknown inputs and measurement noise is of much more engineering significance, and of course, has drawn attention to the researchers recently [17][18][19][20]. In [17], by combination of the descriptor system observer technique, Manuscript sliding-mode and adaptive control theory, an adaptive sliding mode observer was developed for nonlinear system with both unknown input and noisy measurement.…”

“…In [17], by combination of the descriptor system observer technique, Manuscript sliding-mode and adaptive control theory, an adaptive sliding mode observer was developed for nonlinear system with both unknown input and noisy measurement. [18] considered the problems of the state estimation and simultaneous unknown input and measurement noise reconstruction when the observer matching condition was not satisfied.…”