“…Finally, the preventive effect of personal virtue on crime is anticipated given the very nature of crime (Jang, Johnson, Hays, Hallett, & Duwe, 2018). For example, gratitude that involves empathic emotions (Emmons & McCullough, 2003) and forgiveness, which restores broken relationships (Krause, 2018), are the opposite to crime, which “results in pain or discomfort for the victim ” (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990, p. 89) and is driven by vengeance in many instances (Agnew, 2006).…”