Exoskeletons for Lower Limb Applications: A Review

Alqahtani, Mohammed S.; Cooper, Glen M.; Diver, Carl; Bártolo, Paulo

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35876-1_8

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…However, the application of PAEs is not limited to gait rehabilitation and assistance. Strength augmentation ankle exoskeletons have been developed for powering the ankle joint in healthy users to enhance their performance and reduce the risk of injuries during normal walking, running, or manual handling activities [1,4,5]. The concept of robotic exoskeletons as we know them today goes back to the 1950s when Zaroodny of the U.S. Army Exterior Ballistic Research Laboratory initiated a project on a 'powered orthopedic supplement', publishing a report in 1963 [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 42 reduce the risk of injuries during normal walking, running, or manual handling activities [1,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Powered ankle exoskeletons (PAEs) are robotic devices developed for gait rehabilitation, locomotion assistance, and strength augmentation purposes [ 1 ]. Traditionally, when developed for assisting with pathological conditions, PAEs may also be referred to as active ankle–foot orthoses (AAFOs) or powered ankle–foot orthoses (PAFOs) [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, several excellent review papers have been published on lower-limb orthoses and exoskeletons, discussing the design, actuation, and control principles of these devices [ 14 , 30 , 31 ]. Alqahtani et al, 2021 [ 1 ] provided a discussion on different applications of lower-limb robotic exoskeletons. Kalita et al, 2020 [ 32 ] systematically reviewed lower-limb robotic-based orthoses and exoskeletons with a section briefly discussing a selected number of PAEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Application of Wearable Sensors in Actuation and Control of Powered Ankle Exoskeletons: A Comprehensive Review

kian

Widanapathirana

Joseph

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Powered ankle exoskeletons (PAEs) are robotic devices developed for gait assistance, rehabilitation, and augmentation. To fulfil their purposes, PAEs vastly rely heavily on their sensor systems. Human–machine interface sensors collect the biomechanical signals from the human user to inform the higher level of the control hierarchy about the user’s locomotion intention and requirement, whereas machine–machine interface sensors monitor the output of the actuation unit to ensure precise tracking of the high-level control commands via the low-level control scheme. The current article aims to provide a comprehensive review of how wearable sensor technology has contributed to the actuation and control of the PAEs developed over the past two decades. The control schemes and actuation principles employed in the reviewed PAEs, as well as their interaction with the integrated sensor systems, are investigated in this review. Further, the role of wearable sensors in overcoming the main challenges in developing fully autonomous portable PAEs is discussed. Finally, a brief discussion on how the recent technology advancements in wearable sensors, including environment—machine interface sensors, could promote the future generation of fully autonomous portable PAEs is provided.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 42 reduce the risk of injuries during normal walking, running, or manual handling activities [1,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%