Exosomal RNAs in the development and treatment of pituitary adenomas

Abstract

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that carry various bioactive molecules including various RNAs that modulate the activities of recipient cells. It has drawn considerable attention as means of cell communication and drug delivery. Exosome plays important role in various tumors, but it is rarely summarized in pituitary adenoma (PA). PA is the second most common primary central nervous system tumor, and its recurrence and persistent postoperative hormone hypersecretion lead to compromised quality of life. How exactly exosomes impact tumor development and hormone secretion is important for the development of this tumor diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discuss how exosomal RNAs impact PAs and their potential as future clinical therapies. In our literature review, first, we found that exosomal microRNA hsa-miR-1180-3p is a potential early biomarker for NFPAs. Since NFPAs are typically difficult to diagnose, this is an especially important finding. Second, exosomal protein transcripts are potential invasive biomarker, such as MMP1, N-cadherin, CDK6, RHOU, INSM1, and RASSF10. Third, exosomal contents such as hsa-miR-21-5p promote distant bone formation of GHPA patients. Fourth, tumor suppressors in the exosome constitute novel therapeutic application of exosome, including long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19, miR-149-5p, miR-99a-3p, and miR-423-5p. This review discusses the possible mechanisms of exosome and their contents in PA and promotes the use of exosomes in both clinical diagnosis and treatment of this tumor.

From bench to bedside: The promising value of exosomes in precision medicine for CNS tumors

“…Additionally, Zhao et al discovered that low miR-423-5p levels can promote growth-promoting adenoma development [ 50 ]. Although few studies have explored the involvement of exosome-derived lncRNAs and circRNAs in PAs, the lncRNA H19 levels in exosomes can be used to determine the prognosis of PRLPA patients [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Regulation of long noncoding RNAs in the pathogenesis and clinical implications of pituitary adenomas

“…25 However, these procedures are not effective for a considerable portion of PA patients, making it a challenge in the clinic. The continuous discovery of novel lncRNAs and clarification of their biological functions provide us with new insights into the specific pathogenesis of PA, and unfold a broad prospect for the study on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PA. 26,27 3 | LNCRNA-INVOLVED MECHANISMS IN PA PATHOLOGY…”

RNA Profile of Cell Bodies and Exosomes Released by Tumorigenic and Non-Tumorigenic Thyroid Cells

“…Exosome-related gene expression status has been widely associated with tumor progression [5,6]. Therefore, the detection of specific mRNAs in exosomes may be used to detect cancer cells and to evaluate cancer progression [7,8].…”