Exosome-Based Multivalent Vaccine: Achieving Potent Immunization, Broadened Reactivity, and Strong T-Cell Responses with Nanograms of Proteins

Cacciottolo, Mafalda; Nice, Justin B; Li, Yujia; LeClaire, Michael J.; Twaddle, Ryan; Mora, Ciana L.; Adachi, Stephanie Y.; Chin, Esther R; Young, Meredith; Angeles, Jenna; Elliott, Kristi; Sun, Minghao

doi:10.1128/spectrum.00503-23

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This method combines the concepts of WB and immunoblotting, by systematically and automatically performing all fastidious steps such as protein separation, antibody loading, washing, blot imaging, and analysis. Jess was shown to detect the expression of selected antibodies (i.e., CD9) with low data variability [58][59][60][61] in just about three hours of running time. Henceforth, solutions like Jess may be operable as an EV-tailored assay for future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic Analysis of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review

Krishnan,

Chan,

Law

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Numerous challenges remain within conventional cell-based therapy despite the growing trend of stem cells used to treat various life-debilitating diseases. These limitations include batch-to-batch heterogeneity, induced alloreactivity, cell survival and integration, poor scalability, and high cost of treatment, thus hindering successful translation from lab to bedside. However, recent pioneering technology has enabled the isolation and enrichment of small extracellular vesicles (EVs), canonically known as exosomes. EVs are described as a membrane-enclosed cargo of functional biomolecules not limited to lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins. Interestingly, studies have correlated the biological role of MSC-EVs to the paracrine activity of MSCs. This key evidence has led to rigorous studies on MSC-EVs as an acellular alternative. Using EVs as a therapy was proposed as a model leading to improvements through increased safety; enhanced bioavailability due to size and permeability; reduced heterogeneity by selective and quantifiable properties; and prolonged shelf-life via long-term freezing or lyophilization. Yet, the identity and potency of EVs are still relatively unknown due to various methods of preparation and to qualify the final product. This is reflected by the absence of regulatory strategies overseeing manufacturing, quality control, clinical implementation, and product registration. In this review, the authors review the various production processes and the proteomic profile of MSC-EVs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic Analysis of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review

Krishnan,

Chan,

Law

et al. 2024

IJMS

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“…Furthermore, multi-valent COVID-19 vaccines containing spike proteins and nucleocapsid proteins of different SARS-CoV-2 strains have also developed based on exosomes, aiming to enhance the protective effects of the vaccines through combination strategies. 228 In independent animal models, this vaccine induced potent and persistent neutralizing antibody responses at low doses and elicited strong T cell immune responses without the need for adjuvants.…”

Section: Nanotechnology’s Application In Infectious Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nanotechnology’s frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment

Huang,

Guo,

et al. 2024

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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Inflammation-associated diseases encompass a range of infectious diseases and non-infectious inflammatory diseases, which continuously pose one of the most serious threats to human health, attributed to factors such as the emergence of new pathogens, increasing drug resistance, changes in living environments and lifestyles, and the aging population. Despite rapid advancements in mechanistic research and drug development for these diseases, current treatments often have limited efficacy and notable side effects, necessitating the development of more effective and targeted anti-inflammatory therapies. In recent years, the rapid development of nanotechnology has provided crucial technological support for the prevention, treatment, and detection of inflammation-associated diseases. Various types of nanoparticles (NPs) play significant roles, serving as vaccine vehicles to enhance immunogenicity and as drug carriers to improve targeting and bioavailability. NPs can also directly combat pathogens and inflammation. In addition, nanotechnology has facilitated the development of biosensors for pathogen detection and imaging techniques for inflammatory diseases. This review categorizes and characterizes different types of NPs, summarizes their applications in the prevention, treatment, and detection of infectious and inflammatory diseases. It also discusses the challenges associated with clinical translation in this field and explores the latest developments and prospects. In conclusion, nanotechnology opens up new possibilities for the comprehensive management of infectious and inflammatory diseases.

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“…More recently, in the face of the global COVID-19 crisis, there has been a flurry of research into innovative vaccination strategies exploiting the exosome approach [ 273 ], [ 274 ]. Two of these strategies are summarized in Figure 6 .…”

Section: Exosomes and Antigen Presentation: Perspectives In Vaccinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, exosomes were injected without adjuvants, and low amounts of viral proteins sufficed to produce an efficient response. Finally, the vaccine was regarded as safe and only two shots were required to achieve immunity [ 274 ].…”

Section: Exosomes and Antigen Presentation: Perspectives In Vaccinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design

El Safadi,

Mokhtari,

Krejbich

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Exosomes are small subtypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs) naturally released by different types of cells into their environment. Their physiological roles appear to be multiple, yet many aspects of their biological activities remain to be understood. These vesicles can transport and deliver a variety of cargoes and may serve as unconventional secretory vesicles. Thus, they play a crucial role as important vectors for intercellular communication and the maintenance of homeostasis. Exosome production and content can vary under several stresses or modifications in the cell microenvironment, influencing cellular responses and stimulating immunity. During infectious processes, exosomes are described as double-edged swords, displaying both beneficial and detrimental effects. Owing to their tractability, the analysis of EVs from multiple biofluids has become a booming tool for monitoring various pathologies, from infectious to cancerous origins. In this review, we present an overview of exosome features and discuss their particular and ambiguous functions in infectious contexts. We then focus on their properties as diagnostic or therapeutic tools. In this regard, we explore the capacity of exosomes to vectorize immunogenic viral antigens and their function in mounting adaptive immune responses. As exosomes provide interesting platforms for antigen presentation, we further review the available data on exosome engineering, which enables peptides of interest to be exposed at their surface. In the light of all these data, exosomes are emerging as promising avenues for vaccine strategies.

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Exosome-Based Multivalent Vaccine: Achieving Potent Immunization, Broadened Reactivity, and Strong T-Cell Responses with Nanograms of Proteins

Cited by 21 publications

References 31 publications

Proteomic Analysis of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review

Proteomic Analysis of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review

Nanotechnology’s frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment

Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design

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