Exosome, the glass slipper for Cinderella of cancer—bladder cancer?

Abstract

Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles with a diameter of 40–100 nm secreted by almost all cells. They have been found play crucial regulatory roles in various diseases. With the development of exosomes engineering technology, exosome-based drug delivery has also rapidly evolved. Bladder cancer is a worldwide disease with high morbidity and recurrence but lack of funding, so it is also called Cinderella. Some explorations have demonstrated that exosomes are important in the development, prognosis, diagnosis and drug delivery of bladder cancer. With the rapid development of Mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing, increasing numbers of differentially expressed molecules derived from exosomes have been found in bladder cancer. Exosomes and their contents are largely involved in bladder cancer progression, engineering of these exosomes with the targeted genes improves their potential for drug delivery of bladder cancer. Furthermore, exosomes and their contents are relate to many characteristics of bladder cancer. Herein, we briefly search 59 researches to explore the cargoes encapsuled in exosomes of bladder cancer patients. We also summarize the biogenesis, function, expression profiles, engineering approaches and biological mechanisms of exosomes and their contents for the diagnosis, prognosis and drug delivery for bladder cancer. We aim to make it clear whether exosomes are the glass slippers of Cinderella. Graphical Abstract

LncRNA BCYRN1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target and Diagnostic Marker in Serum Exosomes in Bladder Cancer

“…Thus, liquid biopsy using exosomes may be more advantageous than liquid biopsy using ctDNA/cfDNA. Because tumor cell-derived exosomes contain the contents of parental cells, many studies have evaluated exosomes in serum to improve our understanding of the state of primary and metastatic tumor tissue [ 32 , 33 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. In our study, we showed that serum exosomal BCYRN1 expression was significantly higher in patients with BC than in healthy donors.…”

“…It should be noted that although several comparative methods using GAPDH have been reported, it is not yet the standard method for quantifying RNA in serum exosomes. Exosomes have also attracted attention as drug-transport mediators because of their affinity to cell membranes, owing to their dual lipid membrane structure [ 65 , 68 , 69 ]. For example, exosomes derived from BC cells have been shown to exhaust CD8+ cells and M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment to affect the antitumor immunity of the host [ 70 ].…”

Prognostic significance and immune landscape of a cell cycle progression-related risk model in bladder cancer

“…Dysregulation of CCP is implicated in various diseases, including cancer [ 12 – 14 ]. Aberrations in genes governing CCP and apoptotic pathways contribute to tumorigenesis and progression [ 15 , 16 ]. Clinical and basic research has revealed CCP-related genes as prognostic indicators across cancer types [ 17 – 19 ].…”

A study on the significance of serine hydroxymethyl transferase expression and its role in bladder cancer

“…Some researchers reported that noncoding RNAs has potential to prognosis bladder cancer as biomarker, such as CircRNAs, LncRNAs and MiRNAs 6 . Additionally, a novel biomarker of bladder cancer has been found is exosome, numerous studies investigating the association between exosomes and bladder cancer have identified the presence of exosome MALAT1, PCAT-1, and PTENP1 7 .…”