Exosomes: Structure, Biogenesis, Types and Application in Diagnosis and Gene and Drug Delivery

Agarwal, Saurabh; Agarwal, Vinayak; Agarwal, Mugdha; Singh, Manisha

doi:10.2174/1566523220999200731011702

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…There is evidence that this protein is a key regulator of dense granule secretion in platelets ( 27 ). In addition, ras-related protein Rab-27b belongs to the class of the Rab proteins, which are gaining recognition as important in the biogenesis and membrane structure of exosomes and may have therapeutic and diagnostic potential for a number of pathologies, included cancer, stroke and neurological disorders ( 89 , 90 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Biomarkers of Acute Ischemic Stroke Etiology Revealed by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Characterization of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Blood Clots

et al. 2022

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Background and AimsBesides the crucial role in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), mechanical thrombectomy represents a unique opportunity for researchers to study the retrieved clots, with the possibility of unveiling biological patterns linked to stroke pathophysiology and etiology. We aimed to develop a shotgun proteomic approach to study and compare the proteome of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cardioembolic and large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) clots.MethodsWe used 16 cardioembolic and 15 LAA FFPE thrombi from 31 AIS patients. The thrombus proteome was analyzed by label-free quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). MaxQuant v1.5.2.8 and Perseus v.1.6.15.0 were used for bioinformatics analysis. Protein classes were identified using the PANTHER database and the STRING database was used to predict protein interactions.ResultsWe identified 1,581 protein groups as part of the AIS thrombus proteome. Fourteen significantly differentially abundant proteins across the two etiologies were identified. Four proteins involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, blood coagulation or plasminogen activating cascade were identified as significantly abundant in LAA clots. Ten proteins involved in the ubiquitin proteasome-pathway, cytoskeletal remodeling of platelets, platelet adhesion or blood coagulation were identified as significantly abundant in cardioembolic clots.ConclusionOur results outlined a set of 14 proteins for a proof-of-principle characterization of cardioembolic and LAA FFPE clots, advancing the proteome profile of AIS human thrombi and understanding the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Biomarkers of Acute Ischemic Stroke Etiology Revealed by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Characterization of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Blood Clots

et al. 2022

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“…On the other hand, taking advantage of the fact that ExMVs may have advantages over synthetic liposomes or nanoparticles and may very well protect their inside cargo by a membrane bilayer, they could be harnessed for delivery of drugs or genes. The first trials have already been reported for ExMVs encapsulating antileukemia drugs, such as imatinib, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin, or the anti-inflammatory compound curcumin [62][63][64][65]. The advantage of ExMVs is that, because of their small size, they can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and, for example, target leukemic cells that have infiltrated the central nervous system [66].…”

Section: Application Of Exmvs To Diagnostics and Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular microvesicles/exosomes: discovery, disbelief, acceptance, and the future?

2020

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There are concepts in science that need time to overcome initial disbelief before finally arriving at the moment when they are embraced by the research community. One of these concepts is the biological meaning of the small, spheroidal vesicles released from cells, which are described in the literature as microparticles, microvesicles, or exosomes. In the beginning, this research was difficult, as it was hard to distinguish these small vesicles from cell debris or apoptotic bodies. However, they may represent the first language of cell–cell communication, which existed before a more specific intercellular cross-talk between ligands and receptors emerged during evolution. In this review article, we will use the term “extracellular microvesicles” (ExMVs) to refer to these small spheroidal blebs of different sizes surrounded by a lipid layer of membrane. We have accepted an invitation from the Editor-in-Chief to write this review in observance of the 20th anniversary of the 2001 ASH Meeting when our team demonstrated that, by horizontal transfer of several bioactive molecules, including mRNA species and proteins, ExMVs harvested from embryonic stem cells could modify hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and expand them ex vivo. Interestingly, the result that moved ExMV research forward was published first in 2005 in Leukemia, having been previously rejected by other major scientific journals out of simple disbelief. Therefore, the best judge of a new concept is the passage of time, although the speed of its adoption is aided by perseverance and confidence in one’s own data. In this perspective article, we will provide a brief update on the current status of, hopes for, and likely future of ExMV research as well as therapeutic and diagnostic applications, with a special emphasis on hematopoiesis.

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“…SEVs are regarded as a class of extracellular vesicles (EVs) formed by endocytosis at the nanometer scale (30-130 nm in diameter), which are formed in the endosomal network and released to fuse with the plasma membrane [32][33][34]. SEVs and micro-vesicles (MVs) are both EVs, but their origins are different.…”

Section: Biogenesis Contents and Main Biological Function Of Sevsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles: potential roles and mechanism in glioma

2022

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Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) are extracellular vesicles containing DNA, RNA, and proteins and are involved in intercellular communication and function, playing an essential role in the growth and metastasis of tumors. SEVs are present in various body fluids and can be isolated and extracted from blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Under both physiological and pathological conditions, SEVs can be released by some cells, such as immune, stem, and tumor cells, in a cytosolic manner. SEVs secreted by tumor cells are called tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) because of their origin in the corresponding parent cells. Glioma is the most common intracranial tumor, accounting for approximately half of the primary intracranial tumors, and is characterized by insidious onset, high morbidity, and high mortality rate. Complete removal of tumor tissues by surgery is difficult. Chemotherapy can improve the survival quality of patients to a certain extent; however, gliomas are prone to chemoresistance, which seriously affects the prognosis of patients. In recent years, TEXs have played a vital role in the occurrence, development, associated immune response, chemotherapy resistance, radiation therapy resistance, and metastasis of glioma. This article reviews the role of TEXs in glioma progression, drug resistance, and clinical diagnosis.

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Exosomes: Structure, Biogenesis, Types and Application in Diagnosis and Gene and Drug Delivery

Cited by 31 publications

References 115 publications

Potential Biomarkers of Acute Ischemic Stroke Etiology Revealed by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Characterization of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Blood Clots

Potential Biomarkers of Acute Ischemic Stroke Etiology Revealed by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Characterization of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Blood Clots

Extracellular microvesicles/exosomes: discovery, disbelief, acceptance, and the future?

Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles: potential roles and mechanism in glioma

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