“…During the past few decades, many chemical methods (such as conjugation and chemical modification) and physical methods (such as melt extrusion, heat spraying, and encapsulation by beta-cyclodextrin, electrospraying) have been introduced into this application field ( Wang, et al, 2019 ; Butreddy, et al, 2021 ; Al-Ghamdi, et al, 2022 ; Zhu, et al, 2022b ; Shen, et al, 2022 ; Li, et al, 2023a ; Lv et al, 2023a ; Li et al, 2023b ; Lv et al, 2023b ). Among them, physical nano methods are gradually being applied in this field; bottom-up methods (such as molecular self-assembly) and top-down strategies (such as electrospinning and electrospraying) have frequently been investigated in recent years ( Miar, et al, 2021 ; Chen, et al, 2022b ; Shibata, et al, 2022 ; Xie, et al, 2022 ). For example, a simple search in Web of Science (2022–10–04) found 2,196 items when TS (topic) = “electrospinning or nanofibers” and TS = “poorly water-soluble drug or insoluble drug or solid dispersion” were exploited.…”