Experimental and numerical study of the effects of ullage height on plume flow and combustion characteristics of pool fires

Experiments and modeling of the temperature profile of turbulent diffusion flames with large ullage heights

“…Based on the position of the flame base, the whole burning process can be divided into four stages: (1) initial stage, (2) developing stage, (3) steady burning stage and (4) extinguishment stage. At the initial stage, the flame was mainly inside the tray, and the flame base was close to the burner surface because the tray was full of air to sustain burning [23]. At the developing stage, the flame base gradually moved up as the oxygen inside the tray was being consumed and the air entrainment was restricted by the large ullage height.…”

“…where α is the entrainment rate coefficient, ρ ∞ is the ambient density, and Qc is the convective heat release rate ( Qc is about 60 %-80 % of the total heat release rate and in this study 70 % was used [23,32]).…”

Effects of ullage height on heat feedback and combustion emission mechanisms of heptane pool fires

“…They found out that the flame initially anchored around the pool rim under small ullage height conditions, and then it partially covered the burner due to the plume axial flapping as the ullage height grew large. Liu et al [15][16][17] conducted experimental and numerical studies focusing on the effects of ullage height on the flame characteristics, plume centerline temperature, and plume flow and combustion characteristics.…”