Experimental Based Empirical Model of the Initial Onset of Sand Deposits on Hastelloy-X From 1000°C to 1100°C Using Particle Tracking

Boulanger, Andrew; Hutchinson, John; Ng, Wing F.; Ekkad, Srinath V.; Keefe, Matthew J.; Xu, Weibin; Barker, B.; Hsu, Kwen

doi:10.1115/gt2017-64480

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The Virginia Tech Aerothermal Rig(VTAR) is used for hot sand research and fouling studies. VTAR was donated by Rolls-Royce Indianapolis in 2010 and has been used for multiple particle deposition based research projects since it's arrival [14,15,16,17]. Only slight modifications to the test section were required to facilitate probe-fouling experiments.…”

Section: B Virginia Tech Aerothermal Rig (Vtar)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement Drift in 3-Hole Yaw Pressure Probes From 5µm Sand Fouling at 1050 °C

Turner

Bogdan

O’Connell

et al. 2021

Journal of Turbomachinery

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The present paper focuses on the resilience of 3-hole pressure probes to hot sand fouling in turbomachinery environments. These probes are utilized inside jet engine hot sections for diagnostics and flow characterization. Ingestion of sand and other particulates pose a significant risk to hot section components and measurement devices in gas turbine engines. In this study, wedge, cylindrical, and trapezoidal probes were exposed to hot section turbine aerothermal conditions of 1050°C and 65-70 m/s flow velocity and fouled with 0-5 µm Arizona Road Dust (ARD). Sand accumulated more rapidly on the surface of the trapezoidal and cylindrical probe geometries than on the surface of the wedge probe geometry. Probe calibrations following sand fouling were performed in an ambient temperature, open air, calibration jet at Mach 0.3 and 0.5. Calibration curves using non-dimensional coefficients were used to assess probe error in yaw angle due to sand fouling. Probe error was based on each probe's ability to accurately measure flow direction over a flow angle range of [-10°, 10°]. On average, the probes displayed greater error at Mach 0.5 than Mach 0.3. The wedge probe performed the best after sand fouling and displayed a maximum error of less than ±2° in yaw angle. In contrast, the cylindrical probe performed the worst after sand fouling and displayed maximum errors of more than ±8° in yaw angle. Transient response did not change notably with sand fouling.

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Section: B Virginia Tech Aerothermal Rig (Vtar)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A CAD rendering of the VTAR in "Probe-Fouling Configuration" is shown below in Figure 5. For a thorough description of VTAR operation, see Boulanger et al [17].…”

Section: B Virginia Tech Aerothermal Rig (Vtar)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement Drift in 3-Hole Yaw Pressure Probes From 5µm Sand Fouling at 1050 °C

Turner

Bogdan

O’Connell

et al. 2021

Journal of Turbomachinery

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Gas Turbine Fouling Tests: Review, Critical Analysis, and Particle Impact Behavior Map

Suman

Casari

Fabbri

et al. 2018

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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Fouling affects gas turbine operation, and airborne or fuel contaminants, under certain conditions, become very likely to adhere to surfaces if impact takes place. Particle sticking implies the change in shape in terms of roughness of the impinged surface. The consequences of these deposits could be dramatic: these effects can shut an aircraft engine down or derate a land-based power unit. This occurrence may happen due to the reduction of the compressor flow rate and the turbine capacity, caused by a variation in the HPT nozzle throat area (geometric blockage due to the thickness of the deposited layer and the aerodynamic blockage due to the increased roughness, and in turn boundary layer). Several methods to quantify particle sticking have been proposed in literature so far, and the experimental data used for their validation vary in a wide range of materials and conditions. The experimental analyzes have been supported by (and have given inspiration to) increasingly realistic mathematical models. Experimental tests have been carried out on (i) a full scale gas turbine unit, (ii) wind tunnel testing or hot gas facilities using stationary cascades, able to reproduce the same conditions of gas turbine nozzle operation and finally, (iii) wind tunnel testing or hot gas facilities using a coupon as the target. In this review, the whole variety of experimental tests performed are gathered and classified according to composition, size, temperature, and particle impact velocity. Using particle viscosity and sticking prediction models, over seventy (70) tests are compared with each other and with the model previsions providing a useful starting point for a comprehensive critical analysis. Due to the variety of test conditions, the related results are difficult to be pieced together due to differences in particle material and properties. The historical data of particle deposition obtained over thirty (30) years are classified using particle kinetic energy and the ratio between particle temperature and its softening temperature. Qualitative thresholds for the distinction between particle deposition, surface erosion, and particle break-up, based on particle properties and impact conditions, are identified. The outcome of this paper can be used for further development of sticking models or as a starting point for new insight into the problem.

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Size- and Temperature-Dependent Collision and Deposition Model for Micron-Sized Sand Particles

Tafti

2019

Journal of Turbomachinery

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Sand ingestion and deposition in gas turbine engine components can lead to several operational hazards. This paper discusses a physics-based model for modeling the impact, deposition, and sticking of sand particles to surfaces. The collision model includes both normal and tangential components of impact. The normal collision model divides the impact process into three stages, the elastic stage, the elastic–plastic stage, and full plastic stage, and the recovery process is assumed to be fully elastic. The adhesion loss in the recovery stage is described using Timoshenko's model and Tsai's model, and shows that the two models are consistent under certain conditions. Plastic deformation losses of surface asperities are also considered for particle–wall collisions. The normal impact model is supplemented by an impulse-based tangential model, which includes both sliding and rolling frictions. Sand properties are characterized by size and temperature dependencies. The predicted coefficient of restitution (COR) of micron-sized sand particles is in very good agreement with experimental data at room temperature and at higher temperatures from 1073 K to 1340 K. The predicted COR decreases rapidly at temperatures above 1340 K. There is a strong interplay between the size-dependent properties of micron sand particles and the temperature dependency of yield stress on the collision and deposition characteristics. This is the first physics-based high temperature model including translation and rotation of micron-sized sand particles with sliding and rolling modes in the gas turbine literature.

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Experimental Based Empirical Model of the Initial Onset of Sand Deposits on Hastelloy-X From 1000°C to 1100°C Using Particle Tracking

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Measurement Drift in 3-Hole Yaw Pressure Probes From 5µm Sand Fouling at 1050 °C

Measurement Drift in 3-Hole Yaw Pressure Probes From 5µm Sand Fouling at 1050 °C

Gas Turbine Fouling Tests: Review, Critical Analysis, and Particle Impact Behavior Map

Size- and Temperature-Dependent Collision and Deposition Model for Micron-Sized Sand Particles

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