Experimental design for TBT quantification by isotope dilution SPE–GC–ICP–MS under the European water framework directive

Atomic Spectrometry Update: review of advances in elemental speciation

“…The rst of these overviews the development of a primary reference method for TBT, 210 whilst the second describes the experimental design for TBT quantication by ID-SPE-GC-ICP-MS. 211 In the latter of these, the analytical process was optimised using a factorial fractionary plan. The rst of these overviews the development of a primary reference method for TBT, 210 whilst the second describes the experimental design for TBT quantication by ID-SPE-GC-ICP-MS. 211 In the latter of these, the analytical process was optimised using a factorial fractionary plan.…”

A simple, low cost GC/MS method for the sub-nanogram per litre measurement of organotins in coastal water

“…These values exceed the WFD environmental quality standards (EQS; maximum allowable concentration = 1.5 ng L −1 and annual average = 0.2 ng L −1 allowable concentrations of TBT). In order to achieve compliance with these EQS values, highly specialised, hyphenated instrumentation, such as GC-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [7] , [8] and GC-tandem mass spectrometry [7] , [11] , [12] are required.…”

“…GC/MS and GC-flame ionisation or photometric detection) cannot meet the LoQ needed to detect organotins in coastal waters. In order to achieve these limits, additional time consuming and often costly, pre-concentration (solid-phase extraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction, or solid-phase microextraction) methods are needed [12] , [13] , [14] . The novel PTV-LVI GC/MS-SIM method described here, adaptable to most standard instruments, provides a simple, low-cost solution for the measurement of DBT, TBT, DPhT and TPhT at concentrations found typically in coastal waters worldwide.…”

Simultaneous determination of three organotin pesticides in fruits and vegetables by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

“…The OTCs are classed as endocrine‐disrupting chemicals, which might be a significant risk to humans and living organisms . They are the most important cause of imposex in dogwhelk, oyster shell malformation and mussel larvae mortality, which has been described in more than one 100 marine species, even at very low concentrations in water (1–2 ng L −1 ) . In addition, some triphenyl‐ or tributyl‐substituted OTCs were found to have immunotoxic and genotoxic effects on a huge variety of organisms, extending from bacteria to humans .…”