Experimental Investigation into the Effect of Solid-Fuel Additives on Hybrid Rocket Performance

Carmicino, Carmine; Sorge, Annamaria Russo

doi:10.2514/1.b35383

Cited by 64 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It is also interesting to note that the temperature in the prechamber tends to increase as the port diameter is increased (as experimentally observed in Ref. 16). This is a result of the oxidizer injection mode that, due to the flow recirculation, transports hot combustion gases from the entrance region back to the prechamber.…”

Section: Ivb Role Of Port Diametermentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The overall comparison of results shows a good numerical reconstruction of the general trend of pure HTPB as a function of oxygen mass flux. It is worth noting that both the experimental and computed data appear fairly scattered because, at the same or similar oxygen mass flux, the regression rate also depends in a non negligible way on the port diameter, 16 as will be discussed in the next section. Comparison between predictions and measurements shows that the fuel regression rate tends to be underpredicted, up to 30 ÷ 40%, especially at low oxygen mass fluxes, below 40 kg/m 2 s. Such an underestimation at the lowest oxygen mass fluxes could be related to the absence of a radiation modeling, which is known to be more significant at low oxidizer mass fluxes.…”

Section: Iva Numerical Rebuilding Of Firing Test Campaignsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several static engine firings have been carried out in the framework: first, of the ESA's Technology Research Program on hybrid propulsion evaluation (referred to as ESA TRP); 35 and then, of the Operative Research Project on Hybrid Engines in Europe (referred to as ORPHEE). 16 All the firing test results presented in this paper, derived either in ESA TRP or ORPHEE program, have been obtained with the axial injector which employs a converging nozzle with an 8 mm exit diameter. A prechamber in stainless steel and a thermally insulated aft-mixing chamber (also shown in Fig.…”

Section: Motor Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Goal of the present study is to exploit experimental data from Ref. 16 to extend the analysis of injection effects to that of port diameter. The firing tests of Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The firing tests of Ref. 16, which are assumed as test cases, in fact, have been specifically defined with the aim of systematically assessing the pure geometrical effect of the bore diameter on the fuel regression rate. To reach this goal, numerical simulations have been carried out for both reproducing these experimental tests and extend the parametric analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical Analysis of Port Diameter Effect on Hybrid Rocket Fuel Regression Rate with Axial Injection

Bianchi¹,

Nasuti

Carmicino

2015

51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference

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Numerical simulations of the flowfield in a hybrid rocket motor are carried out with a Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solver including detailed gas surface interaction modeling based on surface mass and energy balances. Results are compared with several test data obtained from two dedicated test campaigns conducted with static firings of a laboratoryscaled hybrid rocket in which gaseous oxygen is fed into axisymmetric hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene cylindrical grains through an axial conical subsonic nozzle. A first numerical rebuilding of all of the firing tests has been performed to validate the model, highlighting its prediction capabilities and modeling limits. Despite the several geometrical simplifications, which allowed relatively modest grid sizes to be used and efficient parametrical analysis to be performed, the presented CFD approach is fairly able to capture the main features of the motor internal ballistics both in terms of average chamber pressure and regression rate trends with oxidizer mass flux and port diameter. Computed flowfields showed the establishment of a significant recirculation region at the motor head end, which promotes propellant mixing, and raises the fuel regression rate. Numerical simulations, supported by the experimental results, demonstrated the main role played by the characteristics of this particular injection configuration in determining the fuel regression rate spatial distribution and trend, and clarified the mechanism for which the port diameter has a direct influence on the fuel regression. Nomenclaturē m = time-averaged mass flow rate, kg/ṡ ω i = species source term in control surface, kg/m 2 · ṡ m = mass blowing rate per unit area, kg/m 2 · ṡ q = heat flux, W/m 2 r = regression rate, m/ṡ w i = species source term in control volume, kg/m 3 · s η = inward (from solid to gas) coordinate normal to surface ρ = density, kg/m 3 D im = effective diffusion coefficient, m 2 /s h = enthalpy, J/kg k = thermal conductivity, W/m · K M = molecular weight of the species, kg/kmole N = number of species p = pressure, N/m 2 T = temperature, K v = velocity component normal to surface, m/s y = mass fraction y + = dimensionless wall distance Subscripts f = fuel i = species s = solid material w = wall Superscripts = average in time and spacê = average in space

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Section: Ivb Role Of Port Diametermentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Iva Numerical Rebuilding Of Firing Test Campaignsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Motor Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Goal of the present study is to exploit experimental data from Ref. 16 to extend the analysis of injection effects to that of port diameter. The firing tests of Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Numerical Analysis of Port Diameter Effect on Hybrid Rocket Fuel Regression Rate with Axial Injection

Bianchi¹,

Nasuti

Carmicino

2015

51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference

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Effect of Particle Morphology and Added Gallium on Reactivity of Aluminum Powders

Gandhi,

Schoenitz,

Dreizin

2024

Adv Eng Mater

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Micron‐sized powders of neat aluminum and aluminum combined with 5 wt% gallium are prepared as flakes and spherical composites by emulsion‐assisted milling. Such powders are of interest as high‐energy‐density fuel additives to solid propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. Added gallium does not affect the size or shape of the prepared composites; it also does not change appreciably the oxidation kinetics of the prepared powders. All milled powders ignite readily when coated on an electrically heated filament, unlike the starting aluminum powder. Powders with added gallium ignite at slightly lower temperatures when heated rapidly. The liquid metal embrittlement effect due to added gallium might have caused a smaller microstrain in the refined, milled powders. However, it does not affect the oxidation. Instead, it is proposed that added gallium alters the natural amorphous alumina film, affecting its transition to a crystalline γ‐phase during rapid heating, and thus affecting the powder ignition.

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Mechanical Modifications of Paraffin‐based Fuels and the Effects on Combustion Performance

Tang

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2017

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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In order to enhance the mechanical properties, 6 kinds of additives of stearic acid, polyethylene wax (AÀC6A), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) were blended in the paraffin fuel. Mechanical properties of paraffin-based fuels were investigated by mixing 5 % in mass of different additives and increasing the mass percent of AÀC6A and LDPE. In addition, the combustion performance of the so modified paraffin-based fuels were tested by a 2D-radial burner at Nanjing University of Science and Technology. The effects of additives on regression rate were analyzed by thermal performance test (melting point and DSC) and viscosity measurement. Overall, all the additives can improve mechanical properties and the mechanical properties are enhanced by increasing mass% of additives. AÀC6A revealed the best for improving compressive strength (64.0 % increase by blending 5 mass %), LDPE revealed the best for improving tensile strength (105.3 % increase by blending 5 mass %). For combustion performance, the regression rates of paraffin-based fuels blended with stearic acid increased owing to the decreased melting points while the regression rates of the other five formulations decreased due to the increased melted liquid viscosity. The relationship between regression rate and viscosity is a power function which is not affected by additives at high temperature, thereby it is convenient to predict the regression rate by measuring viscosity.Keywords: Hybrid rocket propulsion · mechanical modified paraffin-based fuel · thermal and mechanical properties · melted liquid viscosity · regression rate [a] Y.

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Experimental Investigation into the Effect of Solid-Fuel Additives on Hybrid Rocket Performance

Cited by 64 publications

References 22 publications

Numerical Analysis of Port Diameter Effect on Hybrid Rocket Fuel Regression Rate with Axial Injection

Numerical Analysis of Port Diameter Effect on Hybrid Rocket Fuel Regression Rate with Axial Injection

Effect of Particle Morphology and Added Gallium on Reactivity of Aluminum Powders

Mechanical Modifications of Paraffin‐based Fuels and the Effects on Combustion Performance

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