“…The isotherms clearly showed that when the fins are offset uniformly, the wakes generated by upstream fins can have an adverse effect on the heat transfer from the downstream fins. This led to the proposal that the staggering be modified, as shown in Figure 4a [21]. The fin-average heat transfer coefficients for such an arrangement, shown in Figure 4b, confirm an improvement of about 10% 50 heat transfer engineering It is interesting to consider the ubiquitous twisted-tape insert ( Figure 2) as a further illustration of the refinement that is taking place.…”