Experimental study on immersion phase change cooling of lithium-ion batteries based on R1233ZD(E)/ethanol mixed refrigerant

Wang, Yanfeng; Li, Bo; Hu, Yuli; Mao, Zhaoyong; Song, Baowei; Tian, Weanlong; Sundén, Bengt

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119649

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This cooling method has the advantages of good refrigeration effect and temperature stability but faces technical challenges such as the stability of the immersed liquid and the sealing of the battery casing. Currently, research on immersed cooling for managing the temperature of power batteries is still in its early or nascent stages. − …”

Section: Refrigerant Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Control Method. In the study, 105 the experimental investigation focuses on the immersed-phase change cooling performances of R1233ZD(E)/ethanol mixture. Coupled boiling heat transfer and forced convection analysis are conducted on the staggered battery module under different discharge rates, R1233ZD(E) filling volume fractions, and inlet flow rates, as shown in Figure 6.…”

Section: Immersion Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, research on immersed cooling for managing the temperature of power batteries is still in its early or nascent stages. 101 − 105 …”

Section: Refrigerant Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Refrigerant Cooling in a Battery Thermal Management System under High Temperature Conditions: A Review

Kang,

Hu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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Battery thermal management (BTM) is crucial for the lifespan and safety of batteries. Refrigerant cooling is a novel cooling technique that is being used gradually. As the core fluid of refrigerant cooling, refrigerants need to possess excellent properties while meeting environmental requirements. This paper elucidates the current state of refrigerants (single refrigerants and mixed refrigerants), synchronously summarizing them from the perspectives of refrigerant properties and refrigerant cooling (immersion and cold plate indirect). It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of single and mixed refrigerants as well as the research and development in the vehicle thermal management system (TMS). The choice of refrigerant directly affects cooling performance, and research on vehicle air conditioning (AC) systems can indirectly guide the BTM. R1234yf and R152a can directly replace R134a, while although R744 has a strong heating capacity, it cannot directly replace R134a. Specific mixed refrigerants reduce the global warming potential (GWP) and flammability issues, thereby improving system efficiency. Additionally, immersion cooling controls the temperature through container pressure. Coordinated control strategies are crucial for indirect cold plate cooling, offering broad prospects for optimizing the cold plate design and intelligent control. The selection of refrigerant and the optimal design of the cooling method greatly improve the thermal performance of the battery. This may promote the good development of BTM.

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Section: Refrigerant Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immersion Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Refrigerant Cooling in a Battery Thermal Management System under High Temperature Conditions: A Review

Kang,

Hu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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“…Additionally, the mass of the working fluid m f luid , can be calculated from Equation ( 14), which can be expressed as follows. Since heat transfer is achieved by changing the internal working fluid phase, ρ l represents the density when the working fluid is in liquid, ρ v represents the density when the working fluid is in a gaseous state [54,58].…”

Section: Thermal Resistance Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Luo et al [57] assessed water-based immersion cooling for batteries, successfully maintaining battery temperatures below 50 • C at a 3C discharge rate using a specially designed sealing structure. Wang et al [58] investigated immersion phase change cooling with a mixed refrigerant R1233ZD(E)/Ethanol, observing enhanced temperature uniformity and cooling performance in EVs. Satyanarayana et al [59] explored battery cooling performance using different coolants, showcasing substantial reductions in maximum battery temperatures for various immersion cooling methodologies compared to natural convection cooling at a 3C discharge rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Li-Ion Battery Immersed Heat Pipe Cooling Technology for Electric Vehicles

Oh,

Lee,

Han

et al. 2023

Electronics

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Lithium-ion batteries, crucial in powering Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), face critical challenges in maintaining safety and efficiency. The quest for an effective Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) arises from critical concerns over the safety and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries, particularly in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). This study introduces a pioneering BTMS solution merging a two-phase immersion cooling system with heat pipes. Notably, the integration of NovecTM 649 as the dielectric fluid substantially mitigates thermal runaway-induced fire risks without requiring an additional power source. Comprehensive 1-D modeling, validated against AMESim (Advanced Modeling Environment for Simulation of Engineering Systems) simulations and experiments, investigates diverse design variable impacts on thermal resistance and evaporator temperature. At 10 W, 15 W, and 20 W heat inputs, the BTMS consistently maintained lithium-ion battery temperatures within the optimal range (approximately 27–34 °C). Optimized porosity (60%) and filling ratios (30–40%) minimized thermal resistance to 0.3848–0.4549 °C/W. This innovative system not only enhances safety but also improves energy efficiency by reducing weight, affirming its potential to revolutionize lithium-ion battery performance and address critical challenges in the field.

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Faulty cell prediction accuracy comparison of machine learning algorithms using temperature sensor placement optimization approach in immersion cooled Li-ion battery modules

Daniels,

Langeh,

Kumar

et al. 2024

Applied Energy

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Experimental study on immersion phase change cooling of lithium-ion batteries based on R1233ZD(E)/ethanol mixed refrigerant

Cited by 18 publications

References 38 publications

Application of Refrigerant Cooling in a Battery Thermal Management System under High Temperature Conditions: A Review

Application of Refrigerant Cooling in a Battery Thermal Management System under High Temperature Conditions: A Review

Li-Ion Battery Immersed Heat Pipe Cooling Technology for Electric Vehicles

Faulty cell prediction accuracy comparison of machine learning algorithms using temperature sensor placement optimization approach in immersion cooled Li-ion battery modules

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