Experimental study on the scale inhibition effect of the alternating electromagnetic field on CaCO3 fouling on the heat exchanger surface in different circulating cooling water conditions

Xu, Jigeng; Zhao, Jiahao; Jia, Yafei

doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2023.108388

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Open-loop circulating cooling water systems are widely used in industrial production. However, due to their direct exposure to the atmosphere, as heat is dissipated through convective air cooling, water continuously evaporates from the CCW, increasing salt content and hardness ion concentration in the water [9,10]. Additionally, impurity ions such as carbonate (HCO 3 − ), phosphate (PO 4 3− ), and nitrate (NO 3 − ) enter the CCW along with rainwater or suspended particles in the air, causing an increase in hardness and alkalinity [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress on Novel Electrochemical Descaling Technology for Enhanced Hardness Ion Removal

Wang,

Zhou,

Chang

et al. 2024

Water

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In recent years, electrochemical descaling technology has gained widespread attention due to its environmental friendliness and ease of operation. However, its single-pass removal efficiency could be higher, severely limiting its practical application. To overcome the limitations of traditional electrochemical descaling processes, this paper first focuses on the separation efficiency of H+ and OH− in the scale removal process based on numerous recent research papers. It mainly emphasizes how innovative cathode design can enhance the efficiency and stability of electrochemical descaling. Furthermore, this paper explores the coupling of electrochemical processes with different water treatment technologies, such as the combination of electrodeposition with electrocoagulation, filtration crystallization, microfiltration, and electrodialysis, and how these methods synergistically enhance descaling effects. Additionally, this paper discusses potential future directions for electrochemical descaling technology, including innovations in scale expansion, material updates, process optimization, system integration, and automation. Finally, this paper analyzes the practical challenges of electrochemical descaling technology, such as cost, energy consumption, equipment durability, and environmental impact, and proposes solutions. The implementation of these strategies is expected to promote the commercialization of electrochemical descaling technology, making it more aligned with the sustainability requirements of industry and the environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress on Novel Electrochemical Descaling Technology for Enhanced Hardness Ion Removal

Wang,

Zhou,

Chang

et al. 2024

Water

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“…Despite multiple studies in which the influence of electromagnetic fields on water has been determined [14][15][16], the phenomenon through which scale formation is prevented is not fully understood. Two main theories can be found to explain these physicochemical processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Calcium Carbonate Scales in Water Distribution Systems and Influence of the Electromagnetic Treatment

Boluda-Botella,

Saquete,

Martínez-Moya

et al. 2024

Water

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The formation of calcium carbonate scale in pipes and devices in water supply networks poses serious problems. Electromagnetic treatment (EMT) is a technology that can prevent the formation of these scales without the need to add chemical reagents, reducing maintenance costs in the installations. In this work, the types of crystals commonly found in water distribution systems are studied, with emphasis on the different techniques that allow their characterization (TGA, XRD, SEM), and the effects that EMT produces on their morphology. Laboratory trials have been carried out with synthetic water prepared from a calcium carbonate solution to study the crystals obtained at different temperatures, with and without EMT. High temperatures cause the production of aragonite instead of the stable form (calcite), as was observed in the samples from the heater resistors. In contrast, in the samples taken in lower temperature zones, a majority presence of calcite was observed. These results have been corroborated with a laboratory-scale evaporation trial, obtaining an increase in the aragonite/calcite ratio with increasing temperature and with the treatment applied, generating crystalline phases that exceed 70% aragonite (needle shape). It is highlighted that the EMT limits the reversion of aragonite to calcite and decreases the formation of scale.

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Scale Inhibition Performance and Mechanism of Terpolymer IA-PEG-SAMS

Xiao,

Ren,

Zhang

et al. 2024

J Polym Environ

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Experimental study on the scale inhibition effect of the alternating electromagnetic field on CaCO3 fouling on the heat exchanger surface in different circulating cooling water conditions

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

Research Progress on Novel Electrochemical Descaling Technology for Enhanced Hardness Ion Removal

Research Progress on Novel Electrochemical Descaling Technology for Enhanced Hardness Ion Removal

Analysis of Calcium Carbonate Scales in Water Distribution Systems and Influence of the Electromagnetic Treatment

Scale Inhibition Performance and Mechanism of Terpolymer IA-PEG-SAMS

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