Experimental ultra wideband path loss models for implant communications

Garcia-Pardo, Concepción; Fornés-Leal, Alejandro; Cardona, Narcís; Chávez-Santiago, Raúl; Bergsland, Jacob; Balasingham, Ilangko; Brovoll, Sverre; Aardal, Øyvind; Hamran, Svein‐Erik; Palomar, Rafael

doi:10.1109/pimrc.2016.7794780

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This antenna can be used as an implanted transmitting antenna as well as an on-body or off-body receiver [10]. Besides, both in vivo and phantom-based measurement campaigns using the large antenna were performed [10], [22].…”

Section: Antennasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial In-Body Channel Characterization Using an Accurate UWB Phantom

Andreu

Castelló-Palacios

Garcia-Pardo

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Abstract-Ultra-wideband (UWB) systems have emerged as a possible solution for future wireless in-body communications. However, in-body channel characterization is complex. Animal experimentation is usually restricted. Furthermore, software simulations can be expensive and imply a high computational cost. Synthetic chemical solutions, known as phantoms, can be used to solve this issue. However, achieving a reliable UWB phantom can be challenging since UWB systems use a large bandwidth and the relative permittivity of human tissues are frequency dependent. In this paper, a measurement campaign within 3.1-8.5 GHz using a new UWB phantom is performed. Currently, this phantom achieves the best known approximation to the permittivity of human muscle in the whole UWB band. Measurements were performed in different spatial positions, in order to also investigate the diversity of the in-body channel in the spatial domain. Two experimental in-body to in-body (IB2IB) and in-body to on-body (IB2OB) scenarios are considered. From the measurements, new path loss models are obtained. Besides, the correlation in transmission and reception is computed for both scenarios. Our results show a highly uncorrelated channel in transmission for the IB2IB scenario at all locations. Nevertheless, for the IB2OB scenario, the correlation varies depending on the position of the receiver and transmitter.Index Terms-Body area network, in-body communications, path loss, ultra-wideband (UWB) phantom, uncorrelated channel.

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Section: Antennasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, their path loss model is defined within a lower frequency band (1-6 GHz). Besides, our path loss model can also be compared with that obtained from in vivo measurements [22]. Although our path loss model is defined Fig.…”

Section: B Ib2ob Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial In-Body Channel Characterization Using an Accurate UWB Phantom

Andreu

Castelló-Palacios

Garcia-Pardo

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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“…Such attenuation is highly influenced by the dielectric characteristics (permittivity, conductivity) of the different body tissues, which are frequency dependent [30]. Thus, the prediction of the behavior of the radio channel between transmitter and receiver is challenging [31]. Besides, it is worth mentioning that the antennas involved in a communication link play a key role, since their parameters (operating frequency band, radiation pattern, etc.)…”

Section: Uwb Propagation Environment For Medicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrawideband Technology for Medical In-Body Sensor Networks: An Overview of the Human Body as a Propagation Medium, Phantoms, and Approaches for Propagation Analysis

Garcia-Pardo

Andreu

Fornés-Leal

et al. 2018

IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag.

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In-body sensor networks are those networks where at least one of the sensors is located inside the human body. Such wireless in-body sensors are mainly used for medical applications, collecting and monitoring important parameters for health and diseases treatment. The IEEE Standard 802.15.6-2012 for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) considers in-body communications in the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) band. Nevertheless, high data rate communications are not feasible at the MICS band due to its narrow occupied bandwidth. In this framework, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) systems have emerged as a potential solution for in-body high data rate communications, due to its miniaturization capabilities or low power consumption. In the last years, some open issues have determined the research about in-body propagation. Firstly, the propagation medium, i.e., the human body tissues, is frequencydependent and exhibits a large attenuation at UWB frequencies. Secondly, the behavior of the in-body antennas is highly dominated by the surrounding tissues. Thus, the in-body channel characterization in UWB depends not only on the channel behavior itself, but also on the methodology of characterization. This paper intends to outline the research performed in the field of UWB in-body radio channel characterization considering the propagation medium, as well as the methodology of analysissoftware simulations, phantom measurements, in vivo measurements-. Thus, authors provide an overall perspective of the current state of the art, limitations for the analysis of in-body propagation, and future perspectives for UWB in-body channel analysis.

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“…Considering the requirements of low power and high data rates, ultra-wideband (UWB) communication can help provide reasonable bandwidths plus low power consumption. Experimental analysis or UWB path-loss model is presented in the work of Garcia-Pardo et al 9 Different channel models for implantable medical devices are discussed in the work of Sayrafian-Pour et al, 10 and the commercial deployment of these devices are discussed in the work of Chow et al 11 Multiple signal strength and impulse response tests were performed using a perfect human body model. 12 It is observed that the variations are more profound at high frequencies up to received signal strength of 20 dB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of ultra‐wideband in vivo radio channel and its effects on system performance

Ilyas

Uçan

Bayat

et al. 2018

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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This paper presents bit‐error‐rate (BER) performance analysis and improvement using equalizers for an in vivo radio channel at ultra‐wideband frequencies (3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz). By conducting simulations using a bandwidth of 50 MHz, we observed that the in vivo radio channel is affected by small‐scale fading. This fading results in intersymbol interference affecting upcoming symbol transmission, causing delayed versions of the symbols to arrive at the receiver side and causes increase in BER. A 29‐taps channel was observed from the experimentally measured data using a human cadaver, and BER was calculated for the measured in vivo channel response along with the ideal additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh channel models. Linear and nonlinear adaptive equalizers, ie, decision feedback equalizer (DFE) and least mean square (LMS), were used to improve the BER performance of the in vivo radio channel. It is noticed that both the equalizers improve the BER but DFE has better BER compared to LMS and shows the 2‐dB and 4‐dB performance gains of DFE over the LMS at Eb/No = 12 dB and at Eb/No = 14 dB, respectively. The current findings will help guide future researchers and designers in enhancing systems performance of an ultra‐wideband in vivo wireless systems.

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Experimental ultra wideband path loss models for implant communications

Cited by 32 publications

References 20 publications

Spatial In-Body Channel Characterization Using an Accurate UWB Phantom

Spatial In-Body Channel Characterization Using an Accurate UWB Phantom

Ultrawideband Technology for Medical In-Body Sensor Networks: An Overview of the Human Body as a Propagation Medium, Phantoms, and Approaches for Propagation Analysis

Evaluation of ultra‐wideband in vivo radio channel and its effects on system performance

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