Experiments on an ice ball impacting onto a rigid target

Chen, Siyu; Gad, Emad; Zhang, Lihai; Lam, Nelson; Xu, Shanqing; Lu, Guoxing

doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2022.104281

Cited by 21 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…When t = 7.75 μs, the crack extends to two‐thirds of the diameter and then completely penetrates the sphere from 7.75 to 24.42 μs. The crack extension velocity is estimated to be 1720 m/s, which is comparable to the 1834 m/s obtained from the experiment of Chen et al 27 In the beginning, the part of the hail that contacts with the front panel fails, the contact area gradually expands, and finally, the remaining hail completely breaks and unfolds.…”

Section: Experimental Results and Analysissupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Since it is difficult to capture the entire impact force duration in the experiment, the incident momentum, which is approximately equal to the impulse, is used for the calculation, which has been verified in the study of Chen et al 27 The formula for momentum is given by the following equation:

p = m ∙ v

…”

Section: Experimental Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Citing the empirical formula for the prediction of peak force in Chen et al 27 A comparison of the peak forces of the 19 mm and the 29 mm hail at the same incident kinetic energy reveals that the ratio of the peak forces of the two is close to 1, and it is considered that the magnitude of the peak forces of the two is basically the same. The peak force prediction equation is as follows:

F_{p} = 3969 R^{2} σ_{T} c^{- 1.31} {V_{0}}^{1.31}

where

R

is the radius of the hail,

V_{0}

is the impact velocity,

σ_{T}

is the tensile strength of the ice, and

c

is the elastic wave velocity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Citing the empirical formula for the prediction of peak force in Chen et al 27 A comparison of the peak forces of the 19 mm and the 29 mm hail at the same incident kinetic energy reveals that the ratio of the peak forces of F I G U R E 9 Maximum rebound limit curve of the back panels of the four specimens under multiple impacts.…”

Section: Effect Of Hail Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic response of GFRP/Nomex honeycomb sandwich panels subjected to multiple hail impacts – An experimental study

Sun,

Xu,

Deng

2024

Polymer Composites

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Nowadays, more and more aircraft components are made of composite sandwich structures, and ice impacts are prone to cause internal damage to composite sandwich structures, so it is crucial to study the impact of hail on composite sandwich structures. Since hail impacts may occur several times at a single point, an experimental approach was used to investigate the dynamic response of GFRP/Nomex honeycomb sandwich panels under multiple hail impacts. The dynamic response of the structure was investigated in terms of response rate and deflection‐profile curves using 3D digital image correlation methods, and the effects of impact energy, hail size, and number of impacts on the impact resistance of the honeycomb sandwich structure were explored. The results show that the dynamic response process of sandwich panels can be categorized into the ball‐and‐crown phase, the rebound phase, and the vibration phase. Under the same impact energy, the impact of small‐sized hailstones is more threatening to honeycomb sandwich panels. As the number of impacts increases, the maximum deflection value of the back panel first increases uniformly, and when the layered damage area reaches the threshold value, fiber stripping occurs, and the increment of the maximum deflection value increases significantly.Highlights Since hail impacts may occur several times in real situations, this study conducted multiple impact experiments for one impact site. The dynamic response and damage pattern of the GFRP/Nomex honeycomb sandwich panels under multiple hail impacts were also investigated. The dynamic response process of GFRP/Nomex honeycomb sandwich panels was categorized into three phases: ball‐crown stage, rebound stage, and vibration stage. With the increase of the number of impacts, fiber stripping and fiber break damage began to occur when the layered damage area of the panel reached the threshold value. The honeycomb core has three main failure modes: cell wall folds, cell wall fracture, and cell wall debonding at the TGPW interface. Small‐diameter hails pose a more significant threat of damage to honeycomb sandwich panels at the same impact energy.

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Section: Experimental Results and Analysissupporting

confidence: 78%

p = m ∙ v

…”

Section: Experimental Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

F_{p} = 3969 R^{2} σ_{T} c^{- 1.31} {V_{0}}^{1.31}

where

R

is the radius of the hail,

V_{0}

is the impact velocity,

σ_{T}

is the tensile strength of the ice, and

c

is the elastic wave velocity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Citing the empirical formula for the prediction of peak force in Chen et al 27 A comparison of the peak forces of the 19 mm and the 29 mm hail at the same incident kinetic energy reveals that the ratio of the peak forces of F I G U R E 9 Maximum rebound limit curve of the back panels of the four specimens under multiple impacts.…”

Section: Effect Of Hail Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

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