Explaining the mixed outcomes from hosting major sporting events in promoting tourism

Abstract

We report on a study of the longitudinal effects of the 2014 World Cup on the host Brazil's overall image and for tourism intentions in three other countries (total sample =207). Brazil's image declined significantly 2013-2014 on some but not all measures and improved amongst a significant minority. The mixed outcomes are explained by the moderating effects of respondent personality, their involvement in the event (rather than in the sport being hosted)and their perception of the news they had been exposed to. Those who held a relatively negative attitude towards Brazil before the event tended to be positively influenced by positive media, watching the closing ceremony and by searching for news about Brazil. Those relatively high in Openness to Experience were less likely to report a reduction in attitude. The net effect was an improvement in tourism intentions, mainly among those less likely to visit pre-event and a decline among most others.

Retracted: Digital Media Application Technology in Tourism Management Major VRAR Direction Talent Training Model Reform and Practice Research

“…According to the results derived in (8), the differential ratio of the element SR (u, v) in the unified method of area conservation proposed in this paper is constant 2, and the area differential ratio of the hemisphere projection on the circular plane is stable. According to the definition, we can know that the projection process is uniform.…”

“…Considering the retained product projection of the plane circle of the hemisphere, according to the property of the area mapping described above, it can be obtained that the ratio of the area of any area on the sphere and its corresponding area mapped to the plane circle is equal, and should be equal to the entire hemisphere The ratio of the surface area h S to the plane circle area d S [8]. Therefore, according to formula (1), the area ratio can be obtained as 2, then combining formula (2), we can get:…”

Defining the Field of Events

“…Mega sporting events often attract an international audience and can have a positive impact on the host locale (Kirby et al, 2018). High costs for hosting these events can create higher risk (Rojas-Mendez et al, 2019). Smaller or local events often represent a social and economic contribution to a local cause or community (Daigo & Filo, 2020).…”

“…Some classify mega events as expos or festivals (S. Lee & Goldblatt, 2012) or large sporting events (Rojas-Mendez et al, 2019). Others argue that any type of large-scale event that has social, economic, or environmental impact can be considered a mega event (Getz, 2008; Laing, 2017).…”

Attitudes of the Local Population in Border Municipalities on Development of Sport-Event Tourism

“…Development of sport-events could help in achieving tourism effects and goals with different socioeconomic significance for the city, region, or the entire state where they are organized (Egresi & Kara, 2014; Getz & Page, 2016; Martin & Barth, 2013; Panfiluka, 2015; Ziakas & Costa, 2011). They can also contribute in creating a positive image of destination (Arnegger & Herz, 2016; Lopez-Bonilla et al, 2008; Rojas-Mendeza et al, 2019). To determinate an importance of sport-events as elements of overall tourism in border municipalities (independently or integrally with the other aspects of tourism destination), the main subject of this article was identifying the attitudes of the local population role and their involvement in creating and presenting tourism contents at tourism market (Bjeljac et al, 2017; Kovačević & Plavša, 2011).…”