Explaining Variations in the Subnational Implementation of Global Agreements: The Case of Ecuador and the Convention on Biological Diversity

Gagnon-Légaré, Ariane; Prestre, Philippe Le

doi:10.1177/1070496514525404

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The right to education is enshrined in many international human rights instruments, but the right to research and the freedom to conduct research are only explicitly mentioned in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights [13].…”

Section: Right To Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Extent of the Researcher's Liability for Environmental Damage Caused by Academic Research

Shohani¹,

Ataei²,

Norouzi

2021

RJEES

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The right to the environment and the research right are human rights that must be protected. The right of individuals to a healthy environment is part of the human rights that are increasingly threatened by human activities. This right is a prominent example of solidarity rights and a prerequisite for realizing many human rights. Exercising this right requires a level of development that provides the basis for further environmental degradation. The activities of academic researchers in the direction of progress and development can pave the way for environmental damage. This article discusses when a researcher causes harm in conducting academic research. The need to compensate and support the researcher in conducting their research contrasts these two rights; Therefore, it is necessary to look for ways of compensation that make possible the simultaneous protection of these two rights. Because according to Article 21 of the Stockholm Declaration and Article 2 of the Rio Declaration, governments are responsible for ensuring that their activities do not lead to environmental damage. The key role of governments in resolving this conflict and helping to promote academic research, reducing harm, and trying to prevent this kind of harm is obvious. In this article, we intend to resolve this conflict by examining the principles of human rights, the right to research, and the right to the environment and to examine Iran's legal approach in this regard.

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Section: Right To Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Extent of the Researcher's Liability for Environmental Damage Caused by Academic Research

Shohani¹,

Ataei²,

Norouzi

2021

RJEES

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“…The implementation of MEAs faces myriad, known challenges. These include lack of scientific knowledge, lack of political will, political instability, inadequate economic incentives, poor involvement of civil society, and funding limitations to name a few (Bille et al 2010;Gagnon-Legare & Prestre 2014;Adenle et al 2015). On the heels of the perceived 2010 failure, and in effort to overcome known challenges, parties to the CBD agreed to 20 new and ambitious targets-the 2020 Aichi Targets (Table 1).…”

Section: Strategic Goal a Address The Underlying Causes Of Biodiversimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include lack of scientific knowledge, lack of political will, political instability, inadequate economic incentives, poor involvement of civil society, and funding limitations to name a few (Bille et al . ; Gagnon‐Legare & Prestre ; Adenle et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…). Further, despite the increasing role of nonstate actors such as environmental nongovernmental organizations (ENGOs) (Gagnon‐Legare & Prestre ) and business (Pistorius & Freiberg ) in biodiversity governance, relatively little is known about how different actors within nation states are seeking to address or align their activities with the Aichi Targets. This is a problematic gap considering that the Aichi Targets (and thus the convention as a whole) are implemented at the national level, and the fact that the full collection of targets is deemed essential to achieve the mission of the CBD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“As Far as Possible and as Appropriate”: Implementing the Aichi Biodiversity Targets

Hagerman

Pelai

2016

CONSERVATION LETTERS

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Past shortfalls to meet global biodiversity targets have simultaneously prompted questions about the relevance of global environmental conventions, and sparked renewed ambition, for example, in the form of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. While progress toward the Aichi Targets through the Convention on Biological Diversity is well-documented globally, less is known at the national level. We conducted a systematic content analysis of 154 documents to assess the nature and extent of national implementation of the Aichi Targets using Canada as a case study. Results indicate that most responses are aspirational, with only 28% of responses implemented. Implemented responses tend to be associated with targets with specified levels of ambition that emphasize biophysical values, or targets that are relatively straightforward to achieve in this context (e.g., knowledge capacity and awareness). In contrast, targets focused on equity, rights, or policy reform were associated with fewer actions. Implementation of this latter class of targets is arguably stalled not solely because of a lack of effective target design, but because of lack of fit within existing institutional commitments. This suggests that solutions-in terms of improving implementation-lie not only in overcoming known dilemmas of quantifiability, but also in fostering institutional transformation.

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“…In terms of organizations as actors, UN Environment (former United Nations Environmental Program-UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) are particularly relevant in the biodiversity context [8][9][10]. Similar is valid for the-under their aegis adopted and administered-Multilateral Environmental Agreements-MEAs [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activities of Environmental Convention-Secretariats: Laws, Functions and Discretions

Mauerhofer

2019

Sustainability

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Multilateral Environmental Agreements—MEAs—are indispensable legal frameworks for environmental sustainability and also define the operating rules of their implementation bodies (“Secretariats”). The contribution assesses in how far the norms defining Secretariats’ functions differ and also reflect on actual functions for three MEAs, namely (1) the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora-CITES (1973), (2) the Convention on Biological Diversity—CBD (1992), and (3) the Convention on Migratory Species—CMS (1979). It does so by comparative legal interpretation of the main norms of these MEAs laying down the functions of its respective Secretariats as well as an in-depth review of academic literature about these functions. The results for these three conventions divide into nine functional areas and show an unexpectedly wide range of different functions laid down in the conventions as well as extensive variety in the discretion for many of these functional areas. Some potential explanations of these formal differences are provided. The paper further finds that actually executed functions may not be fully covered by the underlying legal norms but rather by “flexible” highest governing bodies of MEAs and concludes that occasionally an unusual legislative style was chosen, and shows potential solutions and future research directions.

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Explaining Variations in the Subnational Implementation of Global Agreements: The Case of Ecuador and the Convention on Biological Diversity

Cited by 6 publications

References 47 publications

The Extent of the Researcher's Liability for Environmental Damage Caused by Academic Research

The Extent of the Researcher's Liability for Environmental Damage Caused by Academic Research

“As Far as Possible and as Appropriate”: Implementing the Aichi Biodiversity Targets

Activities of Environmental Convention-Secretariats: Laws, Functions and Discretions

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