Exploring Antimicrobial Resistance in Agents Causing Urinary Tract Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital in a Developing Country

Abstract

Background and objective Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually treated with empirical therapy by physicians based on previous knowledge of the predictability of causative agents and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of various pathogens causing UTIs and their antimicrobial resistance profile in patients presenting to the outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the urology OPD of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. The study was conducted over a period of six months, and it included 1,000 patients (of ages 12 years or above) who were clinically suspected for UTIs. Patients with comorbidities and immunocompromised patients were excluded from the study. Recipients of corticosteroid therapy or those with a history of intake of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the previous 15 days were also excluded. The modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for determining antimicrobial resistance against various antimicrobials. Results Out of 1,000 tested specimens, 530 (53%) isolates were found to be culture-positive. E.coli was the most common species isolated from the cultures with a prevalence of 77.4%, followed by Klebsiella (6.4%), Enterobacter (6.0%), Pseudomonas (3.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (3.4%), Citrobacter (1.1%), and Morganella (0.4%). Antimicrobial resistance against commonly used antimicrobials was found to be alarmingly high.

Bacteria Causing Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Outpatients Attending at a State Hospital in Turkey

“…The susceptibility of E. coli strains to ampicillin has been reported to range from 11.6% to 28% [12,15], and its susceptibility to fosfomycin ranged from 60% to 98% [7,13,16]. On the other hand, the sensitivity to nitrofurantoin was found to be high in many studies (86.45%-94%) but low (59%) in the study of Kidwai et al [1,7,8,13,15,16].…”

Clinical and Microbiological Analysis of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke: A Retrospective Outlook

“…The emerging strategies of using alternative therapies like probiotics and maintenance of hygiene have also helped in preventing resistance [18]. The most important of all the preventive measures is the rational and specific use of antibiotics according to the laboratory reports and prescriptions [20,21]. A single-centered cross-sectional study design and convenience sampling technique are few limitations of our study.…”

Uropathogens Antimicrobial Sensitivity and Resistance Pattern From Outpatients in Balochistan, Pakistan

“…Various urine culture studies in Pakistan have reported E. coli as the most common uropathogen ranging from 52%-77.4 % [24][25][26][27][28][29]. Another common organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae ranging from 1.9%-18.69% [24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

“…Various urine culture studies in Pakistan have reported E. coli as the most common uropathogen ranging from 52%-77.4 % [24][25][26][27][28][29]. Another common organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae ranging from 1.9%-18.69% [24][25][26][27][28][29]. Few of the other uropathogens reported were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter, and Proteus mirabilis [24][25][26][27][28][29] After the discovery of penicillin, antibiotics have revolutionized healthcare.…”