Exploring association between MBL2 gene polymorphisms and the occurrence of clinical blackwater fever through a case–control study in Congolese children

Abstract

Background: Blackwater fever (BWF), one of the most severe and life-threatening forms of falciparum malaria, is characterized by acute massive intravascular haemolysis, often leading to acute renal failure. Thus far, the genetics of the underlying susceptibility to develop BWF is not fully elucidated. Deficiency in the MBL protein, an important component of the innate immune system, has previously been suggested to be a susceptibility factor for the development of severe malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the association between MBL2 gene polymorphisms, known to affect the MBL protein level/activity, and the occurrence of BWF among Congolese children. Methods: This is a case-control study. Cases were patients with BWF, whereas controls, matched for gender and age, had uncomplicated malaria (UM). Dried blood spot was collected for genotyping. Results: A total of 129 children were screened, including 43 BWF and 86 UM. The common allele in BWF and UM was A, with a frequency of 76.7 and 61.0%, respectively (OR: 2.67 (0.87-829) and p = 0.079). The frequency of the C allele was 18.6 and 29.1% in BWF and UM groups, respectively, with p = 0.858. Not a single D allele was encountered. Genotype AA was at higher risk for BWF whereas genotypes A0 (AB and AC) were over-represented in UM group (OR: 0.21 (0.06-0.78)) with p = 0.019. Nine haplotypes were observed in this study: 3 high MBL expression haplotypes and 6 low MBL expression haplotype. One new haplotype HYPC was observed in this study. None of these haplotypes was significantly associated with BWF. Conclusion: This pilot study is a preliminary research on MBL2 gene and infectious diseases in DRC. The study results show a higher risk for BWF in AA. This suggests that future studies on BWF should further investigate the contribution of a strong immune response to the occurrence of BWF.

Enteric neuropathy in diabetes: Implications for gastrointestinal function

“…The pathophysiology of diabetic enteric neuropathy involves a complex interplay of hyperglycemic damage, autoimmune responses, oxidative stress, and vascular insufficiency, leading to ENS dysfunction. This dysfunction is not merely a peripheral complication but reflects systemic pathological changes in diabetic patients, necessitating an in-depth understanding of its broader implications[ 11 , 12 ].…”