Exploring economic support networks amidst racial inequality in Namibia

Oppel, Annalena

doi:10.35188/unu-wider/2021/042-9

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionately affected Latinx communities across the United States. Latinx and African American individuals have 3 times the infection rate and twice the mortality rate from COVID-19 compared with White individuals . Latinx individuals are overrepresented as essential workers, which has contributed to their increased risk of contracting COVID-19 and experiencing related complications .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Spanish Translation of Websites at Top-Ranked US Hospitals

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionately affected Latinx communities across the United States. Latinx and African American individuals have 3 times the infection rate and twice the mortality rate from COVID-19 compared with White individuals. 1 Latinx individuals are overrepresented as essential workers, which has contributed to their increased risk of contracting COVID-19 and experiencing related complications. 2 Additional factors likely contribute to poor Latinx health outcomes, including institutional racism, discrimination, health care access, and socioeconomic and documentation status. 3 As of 2019, the US population is 16.9% Latinx, of which 16.1% speak Spanish and do not speak English well. 4 Many hospitals have implemented programs to improve accessibility of services to diverse populations. However, translation continues to be inadequate in addressing language barriers preventing Latinx communities from seeking appropriate care. 5 Particularly, patients are deprived of important information about hospitals due to a paucity of Spanish translation of hospital websites. Our cross-sectional study aims to elucidate this issue by investigating potential variables associated with Spanish translation of hospital websites. MethodsThis cross-sectional study did not involve human participants and, therefore, did not require ethical review under 45 CFR part 46. This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline.A list of 30 top adult hospitals and 10 top children's hospitals in the US was compiled from the US News Weekly & World Report and Newsweek. This list represents a snapshot of US health care, which consists of 637 total health systems, of which 54 contain at least one children's hospital. 6 Hospitals were classified as affiliated or not affiliated with a public medical school. Hospital websites were reviewed between June 29 and August 3, 2020. Websites were assessed for containing policies on Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) activities on hospital grounds. The dependent variable was whether or not hospital websites had real-time Spanish translation capabilities, further categorized as using Google Translate or other translation methods. The 2018 American Community Survey Demographic and Housing Estimates were used to determine percentage of Latinx population in hospital counties. A threshold of P < .05 in logistic regression was used to determine statistical significance of variables on the binary outcome of a hospital website being available in Spanish. Odds ratios were calculated by exponentiating the coefficients of the logistic regression.Statistical analysis was performed using R statistical software version 1.2.5033 (R Project for Statistical Computing) from July to September 2020. ResultsOf the 40 hospitals studied, nine (22.5%) had Spanish translation capabilities. Of those, 2 used Google Translate, whereas translation methods of the others are unknown. No hospital had explicit documentation of human tra...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Spanish Translation of Websites at Top-Ranked US Hospitals

et al. 2021

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confidence: 99%

“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionately affected communities of color . In many areas of the US, infection and death rates for COVID-19 are 2 to 3 times higher in Black individuals than their proportion of the population . Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spread by airway contact and uses transmembrane serine protease 2 ( TMPRSS2 ) to facilitate viral entry and spread .…”

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confidence: 99%

Racial/Ethnic Variation in Nasal Gene Expression of Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2)

Bunyavanich

Grant

Vicencio

2020

JAMA

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Discussion | This study of nasal epithelial gene expression in a racially/ethnically diverse cohort showed significantly higher expression of TMPRSS2 in Black individuals compared with other self-identified races/ethnicities. Given the essential role of TMPRSS2 in SARS-CoV-2 entry, 3 higher nasal expression of TMPRSS2 may contribute to the higher burden of COVID-19 among Black individuals. TMPRSS2 inhibitors such as camostat mesylate 3 are undergoing clinical trials to test their utility for COVID-19 treatment. The finding of racial/ethnic variation in TMPRSS2 expression emphasizes that inclusion of diverse participants and analyses stratified by race/ethnicity should be incorporated into such trials.The limitations of this study include its modest cohort size, constraint to 1 metropolitan region, and participant age range of 4 to 60 years. Although this study suggests one factor that may partially contribute to COVID-19 risk among New York-area Black individuals, many additional factors are likely, especially because gene expression and race/ ethnicity reflect multiple social, environmental, and geographic factors.

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Exploring economic support networks amidst racial inequality in Namibia

Abstract: This study is published within the UNU-WIDER project Addressing group-based inequalities.

Cited by 2 publications

References 29 publications

Assessment of Spanish Translation of Websites at Top-Ranked US Hospitals

Assessment of Spanish Translation of Websites at Top-Ranked US Hospitals

Racial/Ethnic Variation in Nasal Gene Expression of Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2)

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