“…In this paper, the use of the term "customer services" focuses on after-sales services. The supply chain for after-sales differs from production supply chain in terms of nature of demand, response times, performance metrics, the amount of products, delivery network, reverse logistics, and inventory management (Cohen, Agrawal & Agrawal, 2006;Iraqi, Barkany & Biyaali, 2016;Puurunen, Majava & Kess, 2014).…”