Exploring Reverse Sural Flap Necrosis in Lupus-like Syndrome: Challenges and Strategies in Lower Limb Reconstruction—A Case Presentation

Abstract

Soft tissue reconstruction in the lower limbs presents a significant challenge, particularly when addressing defects in the distal third of the leg, ankle, and foot. The reverse sural flap reliant on the perforating branches of the peroneal artery has emerged as a versatile option, offering a solution for patients for whom microsurgical techniques are not feasible. Despite its advantages, the procedure carries inherent risks, especially in populations with underlying conditions, such as venous insufficiency, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, as well as in elderly patients, where the likelihood of flap necrosis is elevated. This report details a case of reverse sural flap necrosis in a patient with lupus-like syndrome, a complex scenario that underscores the need for meticulous preoperative assessment and planning. The case illustrates not only the technical considerations and challenges associated with the reverse sural flap but also the broader implications of systemic autoimmune disorders on postoperative outcomes. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, we explore the relationship between vascularization, autoimmune profiles, and the success of reverse sural flap procedures. We highlight the critical need for surgeons to adopt a holistic approach to patient evaluation, considering both local and systemic factors that may influence the viability of the flap and the overall reconstructive success.