Exploring the boundaries of a new moral order for tourism's global code of ethics: an opinion piece on the position of animals in the tourism industry

Fennell, David A.

doi:10.1080/09669582.2014.918137

Cited by 70 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…However, they also argue, like Goetz, Kelner and Simon-Thomas (2010), that it must be cultivated, whether or not the capacity to be compassionate is innate. In practice this usually entails initial expression toward loved ones and gradual extension to other humans and then other sentient beings such as animals (Duffy & Moore, 2011;Fennell, 2014;Von Dietze & Orb, 2000) and beyond (Wallace, 2005), including oneself. Indeed, some degree of selfinterest is usually implicit if not overt in evolutionary (reproduction, survival, "feel good" effect) as well as spiritual explanations (reward of a blissful afterlife) of compassionate behavior, implying cost/benefit calculations, if not baldly transactional ones, as precursors to action along with altruism; self-interest and altruism, in most compassion discourses, are not posited as mutually exclusive.…”

Section: Compassionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compassionas a neglected motivator for sustainable tourism

Weaver

Jin

2016

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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Compassion is defined and identified in this paper as a powerful and universal motivator for actions that could help attain sustainable outcomes and enable aspirational forms of sustainable tourism, including just tourism, hopeful tourism and enlightened mass tourism that have not yet demonstrated real-world traction. Despite its potential, compassion has been neglected in the tourism literature. This paper reviews the 50 year quest for a "better tourism", and presents a compassion-scape as a comprehensive and systematic framework for facilitating sector engagement with compassion. "Context" factors associated with tourism settings (e.g. level of development, purpose) and agents (e.g. mindset, psychographics, motivations) influence "encounter" elements such as the relationship, type, and distress characteristics. Subsequent "response" factors such as type, recipient, timeframe and intention influence the "implications" for sustainable tourism, which in turn affect the types of "intervention" (e.g. mindful interpretation, social marketing, faith injunction) implemented to achieve sustainable outcomes. The many innate methodological challenges for the researcher in measuring compassion are discussed, along with the issues involved in operationalizing the compassion-scape to engage and reform alternative tourism forms, notably volunteer tourism, pro-poor tourism, religious tourism and fair trade tourism as well as conventional mass tourism. A paper for the thinking reader.

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Section: Compassionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compassionas a neglected motivator for sustainable tourism

Weaver

Jin

2016

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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“…The form of labor that they provide varies. In the above sections, animals featured in various roles, including: A kind of spiritual commodity [ 73 ], including serving as totem animals; A mode of transportation, such as donkey treks or dog-sledding in the Arctic; A laborer in the background to a more center-stage tourism activity [ 32 ], such as how research has found that having wolves in an area where hunting tourists hunt herbivores adds to the overall experience [ 45 ], or goats in the background to a farmers’ market; A culinary delight [ 30 ], such as alligator meat in Louisiana [ 5 ]; A front-stage performer, such as animals doing tricks in circuses [ 27 ]; A marker of place, such as the kangaroo or koala for Australia [ 11 ]; A “facilitator” of leisure [ 13 ], such as an animal trained to serve drinks; The face of a souvenir or toy [ 5 , 43 ]; The ultimate sacrifice as a game animal to be hunted as part of the Big Five. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike the latter, however, the recent literature problematising animal predicament is new and lacking [ 12 ]. Fennell [ 13 ] suggests that the UNWTO (World Tourism Organisation) code of ethics in tourism is “decidedly anthropocentric” (p.991). Moreover, unlike human workers, animals kept in captivity do not enter into anything resembling contracts of pay and fair terms of condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism

Essen

Lindsjö

Berg

2020

Animals

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By animal-based tourism, a host of activities offering passive viewing or active interaction with wild, semi-wild or captive animals is included. The multibillion dollar industry is on the rise globally today, offering modes of engagement with animals that trade on increasingly embodied close encounters with non-human animals. As new modes of animal-based tourism proliferate, such as sloth selfies, visiting cat cafes, swimming with sharks and agri-tourism petting zoos, animal welfare standards risk deteriorating. In the following paper, we collate concerns over animal welfare into a discussion on the challenges facing animal-based tourism. Our synthesis is the first to consider the full spectrum of such animal-based tourism: across agri-, hunting, zoo and safari tourism, to name a few, and crossing consumptive and non-consumptive boundaries. A literature review is first provided. Findings are then presented thematically following workshops at an international interdisciplinary symposium of leading tourism, animal welfare, ethics and leisure sciences scholars together with practitioners of the industry. It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. We indicate ways forward toward implementing a compassionate animal-based tourism.

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“…The second way an ethic can be anthropocentric occurs if it mandates duties and entitlements that privilege humans over all other species and types of life (see Fennell, 2013Fennell, , 2014. Both extremes on this dimension of anthropocentric privileging appear…”

Section: A New Interpretation Of Leopold's Moral Psychology: the 'Thrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism and Aldo Leopold's “cultural harvest”: creating virtuous tourists as agents of sustainability

Breakey

2014

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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Sustainable tourism aims to achieve a balance between the needs of tourists, the environment, local people, and businesses-a situation complicated by the numerous ethical issues at play. In this paper we present an original account of the ethics of Aldo Leopold, as it unfolds in his classic work, A Sand County Almanac. We argue that prior interpretations failed to incorporate Leopold's lynchpin cultural harvest idea into his larger 'land ethic', and that a proper understanding of the cultural harvest reveals how tourism and other recreational activities can drive a person's ethical development. Ultimately, the land ethic helps us protect and nurture the most precious sustainability resource: human beings that value and respect the environment.

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Exploring the boundaries of a new moral order for tourism's global code of ethics: an opinion piece on the position of animals in the tourism industry

Cited by 70 publications

References 46 publications

Compassionas a neglected motivator for sustainable tourism

Compassionas a neglected motivator for sustainable tourism

Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism

Tourism and Aldo Leopold's “cultural harvest”: creating virtuous tourists as agents of sustainability

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