Exploring the Consequences of Discrimination and Health for Retirement by Race and Ethnicity: Results from the Health and Retirement Study

Gonzales, Ernest; Lee, Yeonjung; Padula, William V.; Jung, Lindsey

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3240735

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 39 publications

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“…A follow-up question asked participants to attribute the discriminatory experience to one or more reasons: physical disability, financial status, race, sex, sexual orientation, weight, and age. This measure has good validity for the assessment of discrimination ( 28 , 29 ) and has been widely used in research investigating associations between discrimination and health in ELSA and HRS ( 5 – 8 , 11 , 12 , 30 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived discrimination in middle-aged and older adults: Comparison between England and the United States

Amirova

Rimes²,

Hackett³

2022

Front. Public Health

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ObjectivesThis study examined differences in perceived discrimination across multiple characteristics in England and the United States (US), in middle- and older-aged adults.MethodsUsing data from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (N = 8,671) and the US-based Health and Retirement Study (N = 7,927), we assessed cross-national differences in perceived discrimination attributed to disability, financial status, sex, race, sexual orientation, and weight. We also compared how perceived discrimination varied with socioeconomic position (SEP) based on wealth.ResultsPerceived discrimination due to financial status was more common in England (6.65%) than in the US (2.14%) adjusting for age, sex, and wealth [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.09, 95% CI (1.07; 1.10)]. This affected people of low but not high SEP. Sexual orientation discrimination was more common in England [0.72 vs. 0.15%, OR = 4.61, 95% CI (2.48; 8.57)]. Sex-based perceived discrimination was more prevalent in the US (12.42%) than England (9.07%) adjusting for age and wealth [OR = 0.87, 95% CI (0.86; 0.89)]. Cross-national differences in sex discrimination did not vary with SEP. Racism was the most common type of perceived discrimination reported in both samples (England: 17.84%, US: 19.80%), with no significant cross-national differences after adjustment for sex.DiscussionPerceived discrimination attributed to financial status and sexual orientation were more prevalent in England, while more women perceived sex discrimination in the US. This study suggests that country-specific and socioeconomic factors affect the prevalence of perceived discrimination. This may be relevant when targeting interventions aimed at reducing perceived discrimination.

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