Exploring the Effect of Particle Concentration and Irradiation Time in the Synthesis of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) Ba(1-X)SrxTiO3 (X:0-1) Nanoparticles by High Power Ultrasonic Irradiation

Abstract

Barium strontium titanate (BST) or Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 with x=0-1 possesses superior dielectric properties, which are widely used in many applications like in communication technology, electronic instrumentations, and various electrical devices. In this paper, the characterization of the particle and crystallite size of Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 (x: 0; 0.3; 0.7) is described. A two-step refinement commenced: first by mechanical milling, and then a further refinement under ultrasonic irradiation in a high power sonicator was applied to Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 (x: 0; 0.3; 0.7) particles. The crystalline powders were obtained through mechanically alloyed standard research grade BaCO 3 , TiO 2 , and SrCO 3 precursors in a planetary ball mill.The powders were first found heavily deformed after 60 hours of milling and then went through a sintering process at 1200°C for 4 hours to form multicrystallite particles. The presence of a single phase in the three samples was solidly confirmed in their respective X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The changes of multicrystallite particles into monocrystallite particles were obtained only after crystalline powders were irradiated ultrasonically in a high power sonicator. The processing variable during ultrasonic irradiation was limited to the duration time of irradiation and particle concentration in the exposed media. It is shown that the average sizes of BST particles at x=0; 0.3; 0.7 before ultrasonic irradiation were 353, 348, and 385 nm, respectively. These respective sizes decreased drastically to 52, 35, and 49 nm, respectively, after 12 hours of ultrasonic irradiation. These particle sizes are almost identical with that of their crystallite size. Hence, the synthesis of monocrystallite particles has been achieved. As the particle concentration of media takes effect, it is shown that an exposed media with a higher particle concentration tends to form multicrystallite particles.

Increased Electromagnetic Wave Absorption through Controlled Sonication Processing on BaFe11.2Mg0.4Al0.4O19 Nanoparticles

“…Particle density affects the effectiveness of particle size reduction during ultrasonic irradiation. The decrease in particle density is directly proportional to the decrease in particle size [30]. Figure 7 shows that the particle density was directly proportional to the deposition rate.…”

“…particle size [30]. Figure 7 shows that the particle density was directly proportional to the deposition rate.…”

Co-relation between Rietveld analysis, dielectric studies and impedance spectroscopy of the Ba1−xSrxTiO3 ceramics

“…The relative densities for these ceramics are 86 to 99%, suggesting proper densification for all samples. 2 lists the reliability factors and Goodness of Fit (χ 2 ) that were determined by the fitting of the data [28,48].…”

“…All of these contribute to a synthetization of the sample and XRD technique characterization. Table2lists the reliability factors and Goodness of Fit (χ 2 ) that were determined by the fitting of the data[28,48].The following formula is used to calculate different refinement parameters.…”

Synthesis of Schiff Base Encapsulated ZnS Nanoparticles: Characterization and Antibacterial Screening

“…The broad diffraction peaks indicate that the crystallite sizes of the ZnS NPs are small. The average crystallite sizes (L) were then estimated using the Scherrer equation (Yustanti et al, 2016;Bramantyo et al, 2019).…”