Exploring the phytochemical and biological activity of Cardaria draba: Insights into Volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds

Abstract

Cardaria draba has recently gained recognition as a versatile herbal remedy utilized in culinary applications and phytotherapy, particularly for addressing issues related to stomach acidification, rheumatism, and edema. This investigation involved the assessment of phytochemicals using LC-ESI-MS and GC-MS techniques, alongside evaluations of biological activities, including antioxidant capacity (DPPH assay) and antibacterial properties (broth dilution method), across various extracts derived from the leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Cardaria draba. A total of 62 components were identified through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry, revealing phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins as key metabolites. The relationships among these metabolites were further elucidated through principal component analysis (PCA) and heat mapping. Notably, the extracts from the stems and flowers demonstrated the highest scavenging activity, with IC50 values recorded at 9.75 ± 0.74 and 8.14 ± 0.62 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the methanol extracts from the leaves and flowers exhibited significantly stronger antibacterial effects compared to other extracts, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 6.25 and 12.5 µg/ml, respectively. The findings of this study provide scientific validation for the potential of C. draba as a source of antimicrobial agents and natural antioxidants, contributing to human health and food preservation.