Exploring the potency of wild sage (Salvia officinalis): UPLC-PDA-ESi-MS phytochemical profiling and inhibitory activity against β-Hematin

Abstract

The current study employed a semi-quantitative approach to investigate the inhibitory effects of water-extracted wild sage (Salvia officinalis) on β-hematin formation in vitro. Spectrophotometric analysis over a nine-day period evaluated the antimalarial efficacy of water and sodium bicarbonate extracts derived from wild sage leaves. Results indicated that bicarbonate extracts exhibited superior in-vitro effectiveness against malaria compared to water extracts. Furthermore, both extracts exhibited a marginal decrease in efficacy over the nine days. Polyphenols present in the water extract of wild sage were analyzed using UPLC coupled to photodiode array and quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-ESi-MS). Key compounds identified included Hispidulin-7-glucuronide, Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, Apigenin-7-O-glucoside, Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, Rosmarinic acid, Isorhamnetin, Hispidulin, Pectolinarigenin, Epirosmanol, Genkwanin, Carnosol, Carnosic acid, Hesperetin, and Rosmaridiphenol. The diverse array of polyphenols present in the wild sage extracts effectively formed complexes with free heme, thereby preventing the formation of β-hematin, which is crucial for disrupting the plasmodium parasite during its intraerythrocytic stage.