Exploring the sodium ion storage mechanism of gallium sulfide (Ga₂S₃): a combined experimental and theoretical approach

Abstract

Developing sodium ion battery (SIB) anode materials of a low-cost and high-capacity nature for future large-scale applications still involves challenges.

Uniform gallium oxyhydroxide nanorod anodes with superior lithium-ion storage

“…This reaction mechanism including rst intercalation, conversion reaction and alloy process are similar to previous reports in Ga 2 O 3 , Ga 2 S 3 , CoGa 2 S 4 and NiGa 2 O 4 , etc. 14,19,21,36 Fig . 3b shows the galvanotactic discharge-charge (GDC) prole for the rst three cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g À1 , in which the GaOOH electrode shows a discharging capacity of 1343 mA h g À1 and charging capacity of 602 mA h g À1 upon the initial cycle, with coulombic efficiency of 45%.…”

“…18 Therefore, Ga-based materials including Ga 2 O 3 , Ga 2 S 3 , Ga 2 Se 3 , etc, have attracted interest as LIBs anodes. [19][20][21] Furthermore, oxyhydroxide has been employed as material for LIBs or supercapacitors, 22,23 because of their ultrafast and reversible surface redox reactions between OOH-group and transition metal ions for capacitive charge storage. In this regards, gallium oxyhydroxide (GaOOH) with theoretical capacity of $1304 mA h g À1 is also expected to show good performance due to both Ga existence and capacitive behavior from OOH group.…”

Gallium-based anodes for alkali metal ion batteries

“…Nevertheless, the controllable preparation of Ga 2 S 3 nanostructures remains a challenge. Up to now, the synthesis mainly focuses on the template-assited method followed by a thermal treatment [64,129,[131][132][133]. Hiring metal-organic frameworks (MOFs, MIL-96) as template precursor accompanied by a sulfuration process, Wang et al obtained dodecahedral Ga 2 S 3 /C structures, as is shown in Fig.…”

“…Though the voltage window was narrower, it still had a utilization of 385 mA h g À1 at 100 mA g À1 after 200 cycles. Apart from Ga-MOFs, GaOOH is also an ideal template for the synthesis of Ga 2 S 3 [64]. As is shown in Fig.…”

“…Gallium-containing materials, including gallium element or gallium alloys, gallium oxides, gallium sulfides, gallium selenides and gallium nitrides, emerged as materials of choice for AIMBs [62][63][64]. Different to the abovementioned categories, gallium-based materials (except gallium element) undergo dual charge storage mechanism consisted of alloying and conversion reaction, resulting in a high theoretical capacity that meets the basic requirement of commercial applications in term of capacity.…”