Exploring wild, underutilized, and neglected edible plants in West Java, Indonesia: Ethnobotanical assessment, use trends, and potential for improved nutrition

Abstract

Background As one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, Indonesia contains over 19,000 plant species, including wild, underutilized, and neglected edible plants (WUNEPs). These WUNEPs complement people’s diets and substitute for common vegetables, particularly in rural areas. However, in West Java, the biodiversity of WUNEPs is declining, which coincides with public health issues related to malnutrition. Because they often contain higher levels of micronutrients than domesticated crops, WUNEPs can be used as a healthy dietary alternative, especially given the growing prevalence of micronutrient deficiency and diet-related diseases among the Indonesian population. Despite the potential benefits of addressing these issues, limited research has been conducted on this topic. This study aims to document the diversity of WUNEPs in rural West Java, assess communities’ perceptions regarding their availability and importance, and determine factors influencing their consumption. Methods The ethnobotanical surveys involved interviewing 20 purposively selected key informants with sound traditional knowledge of useful WUNEPs. The nutritional compositions of these foods, obtained from literature and analysis, are discussed, as is their contribution to the recommended dietary allowances of certain nutrients for men and women. Information regarding the perceptions, attitudes, and correlates of WUNEP consumption was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire from 107 Sundanese women in three villages in the region. Results The study documented 53 species of WUNEPs from 27 families, including leafy vegetables, spices/condiments, fruits, roots/tubers, and flowers. The documented WUNEPs have superior nutritional value and provide essential nutrients compared to common vegetables. Most respondents agreed that consumption has declined due to reduced availability, a lack of knowledge regarding the identification and nutritional benefits of the species, time constraints, and a preference for improved varieties. The main motivations for using WUNEPs were their availability as free food, medicinal value, nostalgic value, and preferred taste. WUNEP consumption frequency among the studied Sundanese communities is not associated with age, body mass index, dietary diversity, occupation, or household expenditure. Conclusions WUNEPs can potentially improve diets and create a more sustainable food system. As natural resources decline, promoting biodiversity for improved nutrition and ensuring their sustainable use is important. This requires collaboration among communities, governments, and stakeholders.