Explosives synthesis at Los Alamos

Coburn, Michael D.; Harris, Betty W.; Lee, Kien Yien; Stinecipher, M.M.; Hayden, Helen H.

doi:10.1021/i300021a015

Cited by 46 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…310 8C, 1 = 1.94 gcm À3 )a nd may easily be prepared from picryl chloridea nd 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. Coburn and co-workers [67] expandedt his approach and synthesizedaserieso f picrylamino-substituted heterocycles. Twoo ft he compounds, 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-trinitrophenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (4)( dec. pt.…”

Section: 6-diamino-35-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (Llm-105)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of the Structure, Synthesis, and Properties of Insensitive Energetic Compounds

Pagoria

2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

110

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1IntroductionIn general, highe xplosivesa re categorized as primary,s econdary,a nd tertiary explosives, basedo nt heir sensitivity to mechanical insults. Primarye xplosivesa re very sensitive to mechanical and electricali nitiation and are used as initiating explosives in an explosivet rain. Secondary explosives are less sensitivet om echanical stimuli, although in many cases can still be somewhat sensitive materials. Te rtiary explosives are generallyv ery insensitivee xplosivesv ery often consistingo fa no xidizer and af uel, and are generallyu sed in mining. Subsets of secondary explosives are insensitive energetic compoundso rm aterials. Insensitive energetic compounds are defined as compoundst hat have relatively benign responses to externali nsults such as impact, shock, spark, friction, and heat. Understandingt he various factors that affectt he sensitivity of energetic compoundst ov arious mechanical insults plays an important role in the design of new,i nsensitive, and thermally stable higher-performance energetic materials. While there have been several excellent reviewsa nd books on new energetic compounds in the past 15 years [1-7],t his review will concentrate on insensitivee nergetic compounds. Also this paper will concentrate on insensitive energeticc ompounds and not discuss insensitivee nergetic formulationso rm ixtures or engineering methods to decrease sensitivity.Althoughs park and friction sensitivity are important, impact, shock, and thermal stabilitya re the most commonly used measurements to determine the relatives ensitivity of ag iven compoundc ompared to knowns tandards. In this paper the term insensitivity will refer mainly to impact and thermal sensitivity.I mpact sensitivity is generally measured by using a" drop hammer" impact machine, in which an anvil of ag iven weight (generally 5kg) is allowed to impact as mall sample (ca. 35 mg) of an explosive and the responsei sr ecorded. Historically,d rop hammer results (Dh 50 or H 50 )w ere reported as the height, at which there is a5 0% probabilityo fi gnition. In recenty ears, some authors are convertingt he recorded drop hammer heights to Joules and are reporting the energy required at which there is a5 0% probability of ignition. Thermal stabilitym ay be measured using several methods including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermala nalysis (DTA), chemical reactivity test (CRT), vacuum stability test (VTS), slow cook-off test, and fast cook-off test.The industry standardf or an insensitive energetic compound is 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), ar easonably powerful explosive, whose response to shock, thermal, impact and friction insultsi ss ignificantly more benign than that of any other knownm aterial of comparable energy [8,9].T his "enhanced" insensitivity of TATB has led to as ignificant amount of studies on how various physical properties including molecular structure,c rystal structure, and crystal packing of TATB contributes to its "enhanced" insensitivity,a nd how these physical properties c...

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Section: 6-diamino-35-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (Llm-105)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of the Structure, Synthesis, and Properties of Insensitive Energetic Compounds

Pagoria

2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

110

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“…It is found A3, A4, B4, C3, C4, D4, E3, E4, F4, G3 and G4 exhibit better detonation performances (D and P) compared with HMX, which is one of the most widely used energetic ingredients of various high-performance explosives and propellant formulations. Although it was reported that A3 (TNBT) and G5 have been successfully synthesized [46,47], some of their detonation properties have still undetermined yet. In addition, the syntheses of other energetic compounds have not yet been reported.…”

Section: Energetic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, it is easily to synthesize the high nitrogen compounds with better comprehensive properties. Thermodynamic calculations conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory identified 2,5,2 0 ,5 0 -tetranitro-1,1 0 -bi-1,3,4-triazole(TNBT) as target molecule was likely to exhibit high performance [11]. 2,5,2 0 -triazido-1,1 0 -azo-1,3,4-triazole was synthesized [12], which shows that tetrazene (NeN] NeN) can improve HOF but reduce the stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical study of an energetic material di-1H-1,3,4-triazole derivatives

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2014

Defence Technology

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Computations by density functional theory (DFT) method are performed on a series of di-1H-1,3,4-triazole derivatives with different substituents and linkages. The heat of formation (HOF ) is predicted by the designed isodesmic reactions. The predicted results reveal that eN 3 and eN]Ne groups are effective structural units for increasing the HOF values of the di-1H-1,3,4-triazole derivatives. The HOMOeLUMO gap is affected by the substituents and linkage groups. Detonation performance is evaluated using the KamleteJacobs approach based on the calculated density and HOF. The results indicate that eNO 2 , eNF 2 , eNHe, eNHeNHe and eN]Ne groups are helpful for enhancing the detonation properties of di-1H-1,3,4-triazole derivatives. The bond dissociation energy and bond order of the weakest bonds are analyzed to investigate their stability. It is observed that the eCH 2 e, eCH 2 eCH 2 e and eCH]CHe groups are effective structural units for improving the stabilities of these derivatives. Considering the detonation performance and the stability, five compounds are screened as the potential candidates for high energy density materials.

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“…Studies are underway to understand the thermal stability of TNAZ and to determine a mixture which would have a sufficiently low-melting point to retard sublimation [Oxley et al (1997b); Picatinny (1997)]. [Coburn et al (1986)] was an early product of a Los Alamos National Laboratory effort to find useful peacetime uses for explosive. This particular material has high thermal stability and finds use in oil-well applications.…”

Section: Heterocyclic Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chemistry of Explosives

Oxley¹

1998

Explosive Effects and Applications

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Explosive devices may be mechanical, chemical, or atomic. Mechanical explosions occur when a closed system is heated-a violent pressure rupture can occur. However, this doesn't make a heated can of soup an explosive. An explosive substance is one which reacts chemically to produce heat and gas with rapid expansion of matter. A detonation is a very special type of explosion. It is a rapid chemical reaction, initiated by the heat accompanying a shock compression, which liberates sufficient energy, before any expansion occurs, to sustain the shock wave. A shock wave propagates into the unreacted material at supersonic speed, between 1500 mls and 9000 m/s.

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Explosives synthesis at Los Alamos

Cited by 46 publications

References 6 publications

A Comparison of the Structure, Synthesis, and Properties of Insensitive Energetic Compounds

A Comparison of the Structure, Synthesis, and Properties of Insensitive Energetic Compounds

Theoretical study of an energetic material di-1H-1,3,4-triazole derivatives

The Chemistry of Explosives

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