Exposure data for personal care products: Hairspray, spray perfume, liquid foundation, shampoo, body wash, and solid antiperspirant

Loretz, Linda; Api, A.M.; Barraj, Leila M.; Burdick, J.; Davis, De Ann; Dressler, William E.; Gilberti, Enrico; Jarrett, Gwendolyn; Mann, Steve; Pan, Yanyan; Re, Thomas; Renskers, Kevin J.; Scrafford, Carolyn G.; Vater, Sally

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.06.029

Cited by 162 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…At the current time it remains unknown as to whether the paraben levels measured in human tissues result from continuous exposure or accumulated chemicals, but with the use of multiple cosmetic products on a daily basis (Loretz et al, 2006), many of which may contain parabens as preservatives, there is a need to investigate the potential for paraben accumulation following repeated dermal applications. In vitro models suggest the potential for accumulation in underlying regions of skin (Ishiwatari et al, 2007), and recent unpublished data were broadcast on UK television (screened 11 October 2007. http://www.unrealitytv.co.uk/reality-tv/beauty-addicts-howtoxic-are-you-channel-4) indicating that body burdens of parabens could be reduced by eradicating use of cosmetics containing parabens.…”

Section: Conclusion and Further Research Neededmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks

Darbre

Harvey

2008

J of Applied Toxicology

604

375

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This toxicology update reviews research over the past four years since publication in 2004 of the ¼rst measurement of intact esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in human breast cancer tissues, and the suggestion that their presence in the human body might originate from topical application of bodycare cosmetics. The presence of intact paraben esters in human body tissues has now been con¼rmed by independent measurements in human urine, and the ability of parabens to penetrate human skin intact without breakdown by esterases and to be absorbed systemically has been demonstrated through studies not only in vitro but also in vivo using healthy human subjects. Using a wide variety of assay systems in vitro and in vivo, the oestrogen agonist properties of parabens together with their common metabolite ( p-hydroxybenzoic acid) have been extensively documented, and, in addition, the parabens have now also been shown to possess androgen antagonist activity, to act as inhibitors of sulfotransferase enzymes and to possess genotoxic activity. With the continued use of parabens in the majority of bodycare cosmetics, there is a need to carry out detailed evaluation of the potential for parabens, together with other oestrogenic and genotoxic co-formulants of bodycare cosmetics, to increase female breast cancer incidence, to interfere with male reproductive functions and to in½uence development of malignant melanoma which has also recently been shown to be in½uenced by oestrogenic stimulation.

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Section: Conclusion and Further Research Neededmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks

Darbre

Harvey

2008

J of Applied Toxicology

604

375

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“…CDFs from the survey data (purchase of a given PCP per year, amount left at disposal) and for container size were sampled via Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 runs) to obtain CDFs of per capita annual amount of PCP purchased, applied, and disposed. For the 8 PCPs with peer-reviewed studies, we compared estimates of PCP applied per capita from previous studies (Loretz et al 2005(Loretz et al , 2006 with those from the survey and market data.…”

Section: Consumer Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address this, we used two approaches. The first used peer-review data on amount applied for 8 types of PCPs (Loretz et al 2005(Loretz et al , 2006(Loretz et al , 2008. To fill in the gap for the other products, we used data from two major US retailers to determine the most common container sizes (product content) for each PCP (additional details in SI).…”

Section: Consumer Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, great uncertainty exists in estimates of ENM exposure from PCPs to specific environmental compartments (e.g., soil, water, air, landfill) because little information is available on the amount of ENMs in each product (Nazarenko et al 2012) and ENM release during each life cycle stage-especially the use and disposal stages. Although several studies have surveyed how often consumers apply PCPs (Loretz et al 2005(Loretz et al , 2006(Loretz et al , 2008Hall et al 2007Hall et al , 2011Manová et al 2013;Biesterbos et al 2013;Wu et al 2010;McNamara et al 2007;Pauwels et al 2009), there is little or no information on how consumers remove or dispose of PCPs. Studies that model ENM exposure often use rough estimates for the disposal calculations that are not described in detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Release of engineered nanomaterials from personal care products throughout their life cycle

et al. 2014

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The impetus for this study was to provide release estimates that can serve to improve predictions of engineered nanomaterial (ENM) exposure for risk assessment. We determined the likely release of ENMs from personal care products (PCPs) through a consumer survey on use and disposal habits, and research on the types and quantities of ENMs in PCPs. Our estimates show that in the US zinc oxide (ZnO), with 1,800-2,100 mt yr -1 , and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), with 870-1,000 mt yr -1 , represent 94 % of ENMs released into the environment or landfills from the use of PCPs. Around 36-43 % of ENMs from PCPs were estimated to end up in landfills, 24-36 % released to soils, 0.7-0.8 % to air, and 28-32 % to water bodies. ENMs in sunscreen represent around 81-82 % of total release, from ZnO and TiO 2 as UV blockers, followed by facial moisturizer (7.5 %), foundation (5.7 %), and hair coloring products (3.1 %). Daily care products such as body wash, shampoo, and conditioner had by far the highest per capita and total use, but contributed little to the ENM release estimates as these products generally contain little or no ENMs. However, if ENMs are incorporated into these daily care products, this may substantially increase ENM release.

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“…The selected spray pumps can be used not only for body spray but also for hairspray, sunscreen, insect repellent, mist sprays, lens & glass cleaning solutions [12]. Spray pumps were chosen with over-cap (Diameter 18 mm, Height 39 mm, Neck Size 15 mmR4, Dose 120 µl, min 1,000 for Spray Pump) as it is more suitable for body spray.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Topical Spray Formulation for Ginkgo Bioloba for Antifungal Activity

Aah¹

2016

J Nanomed Nanotechnol

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The aim of this study is to prove the antifungal and antibacterial activity of Ginko biloba GKB from glycerin nanocapsules and nanoemulsions. GKB was formulated as spray formulation for topical application using ethyl alcohol 95%/glycerol/water based formulations. GKB spray was evaluated for their particle size distribution, pH, content uniformity, content per spray, in vitro release and antifungal activity. The antifungal activity was determined by Agar welldiffusion method. The formulae were tested for their skin permeation and the stability of the formulations. The results showed uniform formulae with nano-sized particles, pH compatible with the topical formulation and higher drug content. Diffusion studies of the optimized formulations through the abdominal rabbit skin showed higher penetrated drug over a period of 24 h. Stability studies indicated that formulations were stable. Skin irritation studies confirmed the compatibility of spray formulae with skin. Agar well-diffusion method showed that GKB was effective compared with fluconazole. The inhibition zones for all formulae were significant as compared with standard fluconazole. The results obtained showed that the topical spray formulation could be a promising and innovative therapeutic system as topical antifungal for the transdermal administration of GKB. The developed formulation can be used for delivery from spray formulation. This study proved the local activity of GKB as antifungal drugs.

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Exposure data for personal care products: Hairspray, spray perfume, liquid foundation, shampoo, body wash, and solid antiperspirant

Cited by 162 publications

References 2 publications

Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks

Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks

Release of engineered nanomaterials from personal care products throughout their life cycle

A Novel Topical Spray Formulation for Ginkgo Bioloba for Antifungal Activity

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