Exposure to Essential and Toxic Elements via Consumption of Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, and Russulaceae Mushrooms from Southern Spain and Northern Morocco

Abstract

The demand and interest in mushrooms, both cultivated and wild, has increased among consumers in recent years due to a better understanding of the benefits of this food. However, the ability of wild edible mushrooms to accumulate essential and toxic elements is well documented. In this study, a total of eight metallic elements and metalloids (chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se)) were determined by ICP-MS in five wild edible mushroom species (Agaricus silvicola, Amanita caesarea, Boletus aereus, Boletus edulis, and Russula cyanoxantha) collected in southern Spain and northern Morocco. Overall, Zn was found to be the predominant element among the studied species, followed by Cu and Se. The multivariate analysis suggested that considerable differences exist in the uptake of the essential and toxic elements determined, linked to species-intrinsic factors. Furthermore, the highest Estimated Daily Intake of Metals (EDIM) values obtained were observed for Zn. The Health Risk Index (HRI) assessment for all the mushroom species studied showed a Hg-related cause of concern due to the frequent consumption of around 300 g of fresh mushrooms per day during the mushrooming season.

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Occurrence in Two Wild Edible Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) Collected from Rajaji National Park

“…The obtained findings simulate that HRI values were not only species-related, but also soil-related (mainly Cd contamination). Other recent studies outlined the strong inter-relationship between soil mercury (Hg) content and HRI values in wild edible mushrooms [ 40 , 43 , 44 ]. Thus, the THQ approach in the current study was helpful to estimate potential health risks associated with consumption of heavy metal contaminated Pleurotus spp.…”

Phylogenetic analysis, morphological studies, element profiling, and muscarine detection reveal a new toxic Inosperma (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) species from tropical China

“…These harmful heavy metals have been detected frequently in Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Russulaceae, Inocybaceae, etc. (Bizio et al, 2020;Barea-Sepúlveda et al, 2022;Liu et al, 2022). In the present study, five toxic and heavy metals (Cr, As, GB 2762GB -2022.…”

Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium Accumulation in Three Tricholoma Mushroom Species Collected from Wild Habitats of Central and Coastal Croatia

“…Recently, Sarikurkcu et al [ 31 ] and Chen et al [ 27 ] found an HRI value for Cd greater than 1 in T. terreum and T. matsutake species. Similarly, Barea-Sepúlveda et al [ 68 ] also calculated HRI values > 1 for Cd in the ectomycorrhizal mushroom species A. caesarea , whose samples were collected in Spain and Morocco. Thus, the HRI tool in the present study was helpful for biomonitoring the health risk associated with intake of Cd-contaminated Tricholoma spp.…”