“…These include bone morphogenesis, functions of hepatic reticuloendothelial system, hematopoiesis, neuronal differentiation, glucose homeostasis, iron homeostasis, and angiogenesis (18,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). It is interesting to note that although the expression of BMP-9 was initially thought to be restricted to the liver (18,26), recent studies have found BMP-9 mRNA expression to occur in a number of cells and tissues, including the central nervous system and bone in recent studies (22,27). The nonparenchymal cells of the liver (endothelial, Kupffer, and stellate cells), rather than hepatocytes, are thought to be the major source of BMP-9 in the body (28).…”