Expression of transcription factor NF-KAPPA B/P65 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in testicular damage induced by Red Bull energy drink in rat

Abstract

The risks of heavy consumption of energy drinks have become a significant health problem. Concerns have been raised about the adverse health effects of these products. This study was performed to investigate the possible histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in the testis induced by excessive and prolonged consumption of Red Bull, one of the most consumed energy drinks all over the world, in rats and the possible mechanism of such changes. Thirty adult male albino rats were randomly allocated into two groups, each of 15 animals. Rats of control group received distilled water (1.071ml/100 g/day) for three months. Rats of Red Bull group received an equivalent dose of Red Bull for three months. At the end of the experiment, all animals were sacrificed under anesthesia and the testes were excised and processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Consumption of Red Bull energy drink caused extensive atrophy and damage of numerous seminiferous tubules with marked loss of germinal epithelial cells and marked interstitial edema. Immunostaining results demonstrated marked increase of NF-kB/p65 and COX-2 in testis of rats following consumption of Red Bull energy drink. The results of this study suggest that excessive and prolonged consumption of Red Bull energy drink induces extensive histopathological lesions in the testis of rats through upregulation of NF-kB/p65 and COX-2.

Study of the protective role of omega 3 on hepatotoxicity induced by different energy drinks in adult male albino rats

“…Previous studies demonstrated histopathological lesions in different organs following administration of energy drinks. These organs include liver (Khayyat et al, 2012), kidney, brain (Salih et al, 2018), testis (Dias et al, 2015;Ahmed, 2016), pancreas and fundus of stomach (Ayuob and ElBeshbeishy, 2016), gastric and duodenal mucosae (Mohamed et al, 2018).…”

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are likely involved in the pathogenesis of wide variety of human diseases. ROS are very harmful and may cause direct damage to vital cell constituents such as proteins, lipids, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (Ahmed, 2016).…”

Study of the biochemical, histological and cytogenetic effects of two different energy drinks (EDs); Red bull and power horse; on brain of adult male Albino rats and to determine the possible protective role of omega-3 on the adverse effects of EDs".

“…These lesions could be attributed to imbalance of oxidant/antioxidant environment in these tissues with increased oxidant stress as a result of reactive oxygen species production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are very harmful causing direct damage to vital cell components as lipids, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [26] .…”

Gene expression profile of anti-inflammatory action of rutaecarpine with microarray module on in-vitro inflammatory model of porcine chondrogenic satellite cells isolated from femoro-petallar chondular regions of piglets

“…Inflammation of chondrocytic cells produced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-B (NF-B) leading to activation of the multiple pro-inflammatory signaling pathways (Ahmed 2016). On the other hand, the use of rutaecarpine as a treatment module prevented the rise of IL-1, TNF-, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during inflammatory reaction.…”