Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics

Constitutive equations for heat conduction in nanosystems and nonequilibrium processes: an overview

“…This is in accordance with the experimental evidence that the local-equilibrium temperature loses its validity in situations where the deviation from equilibrium ensemble is not negligible, as for example the heat propagation in nanosystems [22,30,36,[39][40][41].…”

“…All these models consider the heat carriers as a fluid, whose hydrodynamic-like equations of motion describe the heat transport. The phonon hydrodynamics lays on the Guyer-Krumhansl transport equation [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] for the heat flux q, i.e., (1) τq…”

“…Extensions of Eq. (1) to the nonlinear regime may be obtained in the framework of Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics (EIT) [6,7,21,27,28], a theory which upgrades the dissipative fluxes to the rank of independent thermodynamic variables [10,22,[29][30][31], while nonlinear generalizations of Eq. (2) have been obtained either in EIT [5], or in the framework of the thermomass theory [12][13][14], which also pays a special attention to nonlinear terms in the heat transport equation.…”

“…The thermodynamics underlying the transport equation (10) is easily derived by introducing extended constitutive equations for the specific entropy and for the entropy flux of the form, respectively, [22,38] …”

Information support for processes of quality functionals measurement in the CAD of casting of steel castings in sand molds

“…Here, first of all, modern infrared methods of measuring temperature [5][6][7], hydraulic ones -gas perme ability [8], capacitive -densities [9], eddy current -sand burning [10]. Structural [11] and intellectual [12] identi fiers and much more are used for obtaining information about the casting process.…”