Extended Virtues and the Boundaries of Persons

Howell, Robert J.

doi:10.1017/apa.2016.5

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Except for some X-rays and β (e − or e + ) are produced for industrial and medical prospects, conceivable harmful radiation rays (α, β, and γ) are emitted from radioactive materials, such as uranium, thorium, and other derivatives. [85,86] Most high-energy particles and photons are radiated in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in particle accelerators, [87][88][89][90] and α, β, n 0, and γ-rays are produced in power plant facilities from a nuclear reaction. [91][92][93] Atmospheric belts and earth magnetic fields play an important role in trapping radiations into the Van Allen belts away from the earth's surface.…”

Section: Radiation Sources: Types and Radiation Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation‐Tolerant Electronic Devices Using Wide Bandgap Semiconductors

Muhammad

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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These energetic particles, such as electrons, protons, neutrons, X-rays, or gamma rays, induced damage in materials (used in electronic devices) through total ionization and displacement, [4] which would affect the reliability of the electronic devices. [5][6][7] Electronics failure occurs in harsh and inaccessible environments through various paths, such as electromagnetic waves, nuclear reactions, and high-frequency communications systems. Therefore, the radiationhardened requirements of the deployed electronic technology depend on the specific high-energy photons and particles in the radiation environment. For example, Mars exploration requires a special proton anti-radiation in electronics. At the same time, the safety supervision and inspection of the contaminated nuclear area are suggested to be equipped with high resilience towards the alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The development of radiation-hard electric circuits over the years has led researchers to consider the application of functional anti-irradiation material to devices. The current focus is on developing complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) with wide bandgap semiconductors (WBGs), which are well suited to large-area aerospace applications. [8][9][10] As shown in Figure 1, a notable material class of WBGs can be listed as metal oxides (MOS), transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), silicon carbide, gallium nitride, and others. WBGs materials contribute robust properties under harsh conditions due to their strong electronic compliance, high-temperature competence, and strong atomic bond energy. [11][12][13][14][15][16] They have been proposed as favorable materials for aerospace and other radiation-hardened applications. Generally, the bandgap in the semiconductor reflects the extra energy that a valence electron must access to become a free electron. Its large bandgap of more than 3 eV guarantees inherent reliability in the semiconductors, providing transparency for the low-energy photons. The large, spherical nsorbitals in the conduction band (CB) of MOS also play a critical role in high dopability for hosting a high density of electrons, leading to the remarkably tolerance to various radiation fluences. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Understanding the apparent immunity of the WBGs to various radiation environments and radiation-hard electronic engineering would be critical for pushing the technology further and understanding its limitations. Efforts to address these issues have been underway over the past two decades. Substantial progress has also been made in designing radiation-hard thin films transistors (TFTs) with ZnO, Ga 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , IGZO, SiC, GaN, and many other WBGs, The aspiration of electronic technologies that are resistant to high-energy cosmic radiation is essential for current harsh radiation environment exploration. Integrated circuits mostly require post-processing after designing, making their structures more complex than the standard systems. Thus, unique de...

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Section: Radiation Sources: Types and Radiation Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation‐Tolerant Electronic Devices Using Wide Bandgap Semiconductors

Muhammad

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…The concept of extended intellectual virtue is highly controversial, although there has recently been a wave of research in the virtue epistemology literature promoting the idea (Battaly, 2018c;Carter, 2020;Cash, 2010;Howell, 2016;Pritchard, 2010Pritchard, , 2015. The consensus within this literature is that the conditions for extended virtue (as well as extended knowledge) are significantly more demanding than the conditions for mere extended cognition because intellectual virtue represents a distinctive kind of cognitive achievement (Carter & Kallestrup, 2019).…”

Section: The Cognitive Offloading Argumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromedia, cognitive offloading, and intellectual perseverance

Turner

2022

Synthese

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This paper engages in what might be called anticipatory virtue epistemology, as it anticipates some virtue epistemological risks related to a near-future version of brain-computer interface technology that Michael Lynch (2014) calls 'neuromedia.' I analyze how neuromedia is poised to negatively affect the intellectual character of agents, focusing specifically on the virtue of intellectual perseverance, which involves a disposition to mentally persist in the face of challenges towards the realization of one’s intellectual goals. First, I present and motivate what I call ‘the cognitive offloading argument’, which holds that excessive cognitive offloading of the sort incentivized by a device like neuromedia threatens to undermine intellectual virtue development from the standpoint of the theory of virtue responsibilism. Then, I examine the cognitive offloading argument as it applies to the virtue of intellectual perseverance, arguing that neuromedia may increase cognitive efficiency at the cost of intellectual perseverance. If used in an epistemically responsible manner, however, cognitive offloading devices may not undermine intellectual perseverance but instead allow people to persevere with respect to intellectual goals that they find more valuable by freeing them from different kinds of menial intellectual labor.

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Enactive emotions and imaginative association: a multi-layered account

Hutto

2017

Metascience

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Extended Virtues and the Boundaries of Persons

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Radiation‐Tolerant Electronic Devices Using Wide Bandgap Semiconductors

Radiation‐Tolerant Electronic Devices Using Wide Bandgap Semiconductors

Neuromedia, cognitive offloading, and intellectual perseverance

Enactive emotions and imaginative association: a multi-layered account

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