Extending battery lifetime for electric wheel loaders with electric-hydraulic hybrid powertrain

Zhang, Haoxiang; Wang, Feng; Xu, Bing; Fiebig, Wiesław

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.125190

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…On one hand, it is important to emphasize the theoretical derivation of this correlation, which has been thoroughly analyzed. Equation (7) describes the relationship between N f 4 and N f 1 , while Equation (8) illustrates the relationship between N f 4 and N f 3 . Therefore, the relationship between N f 3 and N f 1 can be derived and is presented in Equation (15).…”

Section: The Relationship Between the Hydraulic Pressure And Vertical...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Testing of Innovative Type of Dual-Motor Drive Electric Wheel Loader

Fei,

Han,

Wong

et al. 2024

Energies

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The electric wheel loader is a new prototype in powertrains and drivetrains that saves energy consumption and diminishes emissions as earthmoving machinery. Dual-motor drive in the front and rear axles of electric wheel loaders helps the distribution of drive torque. However, challenges arise during shoveling conditions, particularly when one motor generates torque exceeding the ground’s adhesion force, leading to tire slippage. This study thoroughly examines the mechanical structure of the working unit and elucidates the correlation between wheel load and hydraulic pressure in the base chamber of the tilt cylinder. This analysis is accomplished through a combination of theoretical derivations and experimental tests. The experiments involve a 5 ton rated load electric wheel loader tested across five running cases as well as weighing tests on a 15 ton rated load electric wheel loader. Based on the experiment discoveries, a dual-motor drive electric wheel loader is designed with specific transmission ratios for the front and rear drivetrains, and a torque distribution strategy is proposed based on wheel load during shoveling. Running condition tests demonstrate sufficient drive force for the new electric wheel loader, and shoveling tests reveal a significant reduction in tire slippage when employing the proposed torque distribution strategy compared to evenly distributed torque in the front and rear axles. Moreover, the driving force during the shoveling process remains undiminished. This indicates that the newly designed loader, in conjunction with the proposed strategy, exhibits excellent shoveling efficiency.

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Section: The Relationship Between the Hydraulic Pressure And Vertical...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EWL has become a prominent research topic in recent years [7][8][9][10]; researchers need to be aware of structural changes not only in the powertrain but also in the hydraulic system. Figure 1 shows the comparison of engine-drive WLs and electric-drive WLs in subsystems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Testing of Innovative Type of Dual-Motor Drive Electric Wheel Loader

Fei,

Han,

Wong

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…The battery cycle aging capacity loss model is adopted from [11]. It is related to the battery full equivalent cycle 𝐹𝐸𝐶, the battery state of charge 𝑆𝑂𝐶 and the battery current 𝐼 𝑏𝑎𝑡 .…”

Section: Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For on-road vehicles like city bus, the energy saving of PEHH can reach up to 50% in the best scenario [2]. PEHH has also been applied on mobile machines such as wheel loaders [3], excavators [4] and forklifts [5], improving their energy efficiency and battery lifetime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methodology of System Parameter Optimization for Parallel Electric Hydraulic Hybrid Mobile Machine via Convex Programming

Lin,

Wu,

Lin

et al. 2024

14th International Fluid Power Conference

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Hydraulic hybrid powertrain is widely investigated for its high power density of hydraulic power system. In designing a hybrid vehicle, finding the combined optimality of component sizing and energy management is essential for minimizing vehicle costs and maximizing energy efficiency. Simultaneous optimization framework is an effective and important method due to its computational efficiency and resolution. In this paper a convex programming-based system parameter optimization framework is proposed for hydraulic hybrid vehicle. This technique allows simultaneous optimization of component sizing and energy management by converting it into a convex problem. To illustrate this, the system optimization problem in a parallel electric hydraulic hybrid wheel loader is posed over a fixed loading cycle. The Pareto front of PEHH system parameter optimization problem is obtained. The HM size is the main factor of system performance trade-off between battery aging and energy consumption. PEHH can reduce the battery capacity loss in a loading cycle by 26.4% compared to the pure electric drive with a 13.0% increase of energy consumption. With the same grid number of 7, the CP-based simultaneous method consumes 99% less computing time than DP-based bi-level method and provides the optimal solution with 1.5% less battery capacity loss.

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A real‐time energy management control strategy of hybrid energy system for a pure electric loader

Ma,

Ye,

et al. 2024

Circuit Theory & Apps

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SummaryTo enhance the efficiency and prolong the battery life of hybrid energy systems equipped with battery and supercapacitor for a pure electric loader, this paper proposes a real‐time energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC). First, the working characteristics of the loader and the topology structure of the hybrid energy are analyzed. Second, considering the repetitive operation model of electric loaders, a neural network algorithm based on long short‐term memory is used to predict power and a dynamic programming algorithm is used as the rolling optimization solution for MPC strategy. Finally, the MPC is verified using the simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. The results indicate that compared with other strategies, the MPC strategy can improve hybrid energy efficiency and reduce the maximum battery current fluctuations. The proposed method demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the hybrid energy system.

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Extending battery lifetime for electric wheel loaders with electric-hydraulic hybrid powertrain

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Design and Testing of Innovative Type of Dual-Motor Drive Electric Wheel Loader

Design and Testing of Innovative Type of Dual-Motor Drive Electric Wheel Loader

Methodology of System Parameter Optimization for Parallel Electric Hydraulic Hybrid Mobile Machine via Convex Programming

A real‐time energy management control strategy of hybrid energy system for a pure electric loader

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