Extending Multi-Pathway Human Health Risk Assessment from Regional to Country-Wide—A Case Study on Kuwait

Abstract

Air pollution has emerged as a pressing global issue in recent decades. While criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases contribute to the problem, this article explicitly addresses hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). This work estimates the country-wide cumulative human health impacts from exposure to HAPs. Kuwait is used as the case study due to data availability and non-fragmentation of data. At present, the evaluation of multi-pathway human health risks arising from exposure to HAPs is incomplete, as indirect pathways have not been considered. Furthermore, only a few HAPs, such as benzene, have established ambient air quality standards specifically intended to safeguard human health, leaving many HAPs unregulated. This study considers several pathways (both direct and indirect) and various environmental media (air, water, plants, soil, and animal tissue). The findings indicate that cumulative health risks in the coastal air quality zone are within acceptable limits but are notably higher when compared to the other air quality zones. For cancer risks, only the Ahmadi Hospital, with a cancer risk of 1.09 × 10−5 for the resident adult exposure scenario, slightly exceeds the acceptable risk level of 1 × 10−5. The proposed methodology integrates the results from a country-wide emissions inventory composed of different air quality zones, air dispersion and deposition modeling, multi-pathway transport-and-fate analysis, exposure quantification, and health risk and hazard characterization. It also extends and adapts EPA methodologies initially designed for hazardous waste combustion facilities to additional emission sources and provides a case study for a region seldom subjected to such human health risk assessments.

Country-Wide Ecological Health Assessment Methodology for Air Toxics: Bridging Gaps in Ecosystem Impact Understanding and Policy Foundations

“…In alignment with the stated objectives, this section outlines the methodology devised to fill the identified gaps in prior ecological risk assessments. The methodology was validated using accepted emissions estimation methods and algorithms developed by reputable organizations, such as the US EPA and the American Petroleum Institute (API) [ 1 ]. Furthermore, air dispersion modeling was performed using AERMOD, a steady-state Gaussian plume model, which is the most extensively validated model for the present purpose and is currently the US EPA’s preferred regulatory model [ 76 ].…”

“…For additional details on the methods and algorithms employed in emissions estimation, readers are referred to “Section 2.1” in the authors’ work in [ 1 ].…”

“…The air dispersion and deposition modeling for this study was performed using AERMOD, which is the current regulatory model preferred by the US EPA, employing its version 22112 [ 76 ]. Further details can be found in the authors’ previous work on human health, as detailed in [ 1 ], specifically in “Section 2.2”.…”

“…The authors’ previous research investigated the adverse effects of air toxics on human health [ 1 ]. During that research, it was identified that a noticeable gap exists in the broader literature concerning the ecological impact of these air toxics on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.…”

“…During that research, it was identified that a noticeable gap exists in the broader literature concerning the ecological impact of these air toxics on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Our previous study [ 1 ] recommended a country-wide ecological risk assessment to fill existing gaps in the research. As a consequence, this paper introduces the Ecological Health Assessment Methodology (EHAM).…”