Extending the Adaptive Network Nanomedicine Model for Homeopathic Medicines: Nanostructures as Salient Cell Danger Signals for Adaptation

Bell, Iris R.; Schwartz, Gary E.; Frye, Joyce; Sarter, Barbara; Standish, Leanna J.

doi:10.15226/2374-8141/2/1/00124

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 283 publications

(478 reference statements)

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“…45 The system may alter the links and/or the strength of links between different parts of its network during its stressadaptive process. 19,20,28,34,40 Improved systemic resilience to current and future stressors is the overall result. 45 Future research should involve borrowing from existing and emerging methods for the study of (1) non-linear dynamics, (2) self-organization and emergence, and (3) self-similarity.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Complexity of the Homeopathic Healing Response Part 1: The Role of the Body as a Complex Adaptive System in Simillimum-Initiated Recovery from Disease

Bell

2019

Homeopathy

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Background The concepts of complex systems science enhance the understanding of how people develop and recover from disease. Living systems (human beings, animals, and plants) are self-organizing complex adaptive systems (CAS): that is, interconnected networks. CAS maintain life by initiating and carrying out non-linear dynamical changes to optimize survival fitness and function in the context of an ever-changing environment. Aims In Part 1 of this two-part paper, we relate concepts from complex systems science to homeopathic healing. The systemic changes of homeopathic healing involve adaptive patterns of responses to salient signals (similia) for reversing disease patterns and generating emergent multi-symptom healing over time. Methods and Results This narrative review relates homeopathic clinical practice theory to complex systems and network research. Homeopathic medicines communicate individually salient environmental information to the organism, with effects that are multi-system and indirect. The body's defense mechanisms recognize the self-similar information that the correctly chosen simillimum medicine at low dose conveys as a weak external/internal environmental stressor or danger signal (hormetin) to mobilize neural and cellular defenses. The body networks then use endogenous cell to cell signaling and amplify the small magnitude signal information. The results are disproportionately large: that is, non-linear, adaptive, modifications across the inter-connected self-organized biological networks/sub-systems of the body. CAS amplification mechanisms for small or weak signals include stochastic resonance, time-dependent sensitization, and hormesis. Conclusions The body as a complex system has the capacity for self-organization, emergence and self-similarity over global (overall health and wellbeing) and local (organ) levels of organization. These features are key for future research on the systemic healing that evolves over time during individualized homeopathic treatment.

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Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, clinical practice theory steers research thinking toward the modern science of complex systems (complexity). [1][2][3]12,[15][16][17][18][19][20] Complexity science involves the study of systems that comprise many separate but inter-connected, inter-dependent, and interactive parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Complexity of the Homeopathic Healing Response Part 1: The Role of the Body as a Complex Adaptive System in Simillimum-Initiated Recovery from Disease

Bell

2019

Homeopathy

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“…Experiments have indicated that SDVSAS of Melafen [the melamine salt of bis (hydroxymethyl) phosphinic acid dihydrate] affect electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, even when the concentration of these solutions is as low as 10 -18 -10 -22 M (Zhigacheva et al, 2009). et al (2015) and Bell et al (2015a) have surmised that the bioactivity of SDVSAS is related to traces of the original solute molecules. These molecules may organize in structures composed of compounds released by the containers.…”

Section: -For Sdvsas With ~10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2017

WATER

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“…Exosomes can directly engage cell signaling mechanisms in the body [104,[137][138][139]. However, higher homeopathic potencies such as 30C or 200C (i.e., more diluted and succussed forms) of GELS or other HMs may need to involve sourcederived electromagnetic or optical signaling by the homeopathic agent to the cell danger response pathways of the recipient to elicit adaptive responses [66,71,72,140].…”

Section: Biotherapeutic Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gas nanobubbles formed by succussions may also play a role in the manufacturing process by surrounding and facilitating transfer of the solute particles from a given preparation step to the next, in glass or plastic vials [51,55,56]. Thus, as in mainstream NP generation techniques [23,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63], mechanical milling and/or liquid agitation/attrition methods contribute to formation of the final product in HM manufacturing [4,[64][65][66].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticle Characterization of Traditional Homeopathically- Manufactured Gelsemium sempervirens Medicines and Placebo Controls

S¹

2015

J Nanomedine Biotherapeutic Discov

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Multiple studies have observed nanostructures in traditionally-manufactured homeopathic medicines. Homeopathy is a 200-year-old system of complementary and alternative medicine used worldwide. The nature of homeopathic medicines has historically stimulated much debate. The present placebo-controlled study extended previous work to characterize nanoparticles (NPs) in homeopathically-prepared Gelsemium sempervirens (GELS), a natural botanical source with previously-documented anxiolytic, analgesic, and anticancer properties. An ethanolic GELS herbal extract was serially diluted and succussed (agitated) in a 95% ethanol-water diluent solvent in glass vials, following Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the U.S. guidelines. GELS (VERUM, at homeopathic potencies of 6C, 30C, 200C, each n=3 vials), succussed controls (SUCC-CONT, at homeopathic potencies of 6C, 30C, 200C, each n=3), and one set of unsuccussed solvent control vials also used natural cork (Quercus suber) stoppers (UNSUCC-cork, n=3). A final set of unsuccussed solvent controls used silicone stoppers (UNSUCCsilicone, n=3). Analytical methods included nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), zeta potentials, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. NTA revealed >4 x 10 8 nanoparticles per milliliter in all VERUM, SUCC-CONT, and UNSUCC-cork vials, significantly more than the UNSUCC-silicone controls. Particle sizes were polydisperse, significantly larger in the VERUM 30C at 129.8 nanometers versus SUCC-CONT at 6C, 30C, 200C and the UNSUCC-cork controls. Zeta potentials consistent with greater particle stability were significantly most negative in the VERUM GELS 200C (-47.75 mV). Within the UV-vis wavelength range 300-400 nm, the SUCC-CONT 30C exhibited significantly higher, whereas UNSUCC-silicone stopper controls had significantly lower, mean absorbance than all other samples. Taken together, the data suggest that traditional homeopathic methods involving succussions release not only the previously-shown silica from glassware walls, but also Quercus suber materials from natural cork stoppers to stabilize NPs in solution. With verum source material Gelsemium, additional NP size growth and surface stabilization can occur. Further study of homeopathic manufacturing materials and methods and their biological correlates is indicated.

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Extending the Adaptive Network Nanomedicine Model for Homeopathic Medicines: Nanostructures as Salient Cell Danger Signals for Adaptation

Cited by 12 publications

References 283 publications

The Complexity of the Homeopathic Healing Response Part 1: The Role of the Body as a Complex Adaptive System in Simillimum-Initiated Recovery from Disease

The Complexity of the Homeopathic Healing Response Part 1: The Role of the Body as a Complex Adaptive System in Simillimum-Initiated Recovery from Disease

Untitled

Nanoparticle Characterization of Traditional Homeopathically- Manufactured Gelsemium sempervirens Medicines and Placebo Controls

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