External and internal load of playing positions of elite female handball players (U19) during competitive matches

Abstract

field during either offensive (left wing, left back, centre back, right back, right wing, and pivot) or defensive (players are counted from the side to the centre of the field) phases. Each position has its own specificities. Pivots play in the smallest area (~12 m 2), most of the time between two defenders, wings in ~15 m 2 , while backs and centre backs play in wider spaces (~64 m 2). Tactical roles of each position generate a great deal of body contact and duels (one vs. one confrontation to gain a favourable situation, e.g., shooting, blocking an opponent) (Karcher & Buchheit, 2014). Knowledge of the game's demands is also essential for the design of handball-specific training drills in both professional and developing players. To develop their full potential, promising players need to be provided with the most appropriate learning environments, including well designed technical, tactical, and handball-specific physical (e.g., strength, speed, and endurance) development programmes (Karcher & Buchheit, 2014). Finally, to be optimal, these training

Heart Rate Intensity in Female Footballers and its Effect on Playing Position based on External Workload

“…These variables include changes in the intensity of activity as well as motivation. 8 Between the three positions, defenders covered the lowest external workload (10020.4±1086.6 m). Indeed, several studies have previously found defenders to obtain, in general, lower fitness levels, resulting in lower external loads performed in comparison with midfielders and forwards.…”

“…In football, athletes perform different types of physical movements ranging at a series of intensities. 1,8 Santos et al1 claimed that 80-90% of football spent within a low to moderate intensity zone with 10-20% spent completing high intensity activities. These findings do not match previous research by Jozaket al 24 whom presented 30% of overall football activities to be spent at a high intensity.…”

“…Rather, the combination of total distance completed, alongside the measurement of heart rate throughout a football match could thus provide a more representative figure. 8,9 Physical Demands in Football Physical demands within football have increased across the last decade 3 with all players now participating within defensive and offensive phases; this has created multifunctional footballers, usable within multiple positions. 10 Physical individual variables have been observed within playing positions in all competitive levels of football.…”

Performance Factors of Handball: Physiological Demands and Velocity of Ball Throwing

“…15 Diğer bir zaman-hareket araştırmasında, 19 yaş altı kadın hentbolcularda koşu mesafeleri yüksek şiddetli koşu ve sprint mesafeleri (oyun kurucular 7.138,3±334.4 m; kanatlar 6.915,3±362,2 m ve pivotlar 6.337,1±477,3 m) literatüre göre yüksek yüzdeye sahip bulunmuştur. 16 Bunun sebebi veri toplanan genç kategori maçlarında rekabetin az olmasıyla (6 resmî müsabakanın 3'ünün 10 sayı üstü fark ile bitmesi) açıklanabilir.…”

Changes in different salivary biomarkers related to physiologic stress in elite handball players: the case of females

“…Handball is a high-intensity game in which ~80% of each match is played with a workload intensity of over85% of the maximum heart rate 1,2 . Variables affecting this workload include the distance covered and speed, both of which are related to the position played.…”