External Form and Internal Anatomy of Holsteins and Jerseys

Abstract

Body weights, external dimensions, and postmortem measures of internal body dimensions or weights of organs and glands of Holsteins and Jerseys were used to establish norms, interrelationships of traits, and effects of sire and inbreeding on changes in external form. Sires differed in nearly all measures of external body form. Sire effects increased with advancing age whereas effects of inbreeding (greater than 12.5, 3.0 to 12.4, or less than 3.0% of inbreeding) declined. Skeletal dimensions were smallest in the greater than 12.5% inbred group. Differences due to inbreeding were largest at 3 and 6 mo of age and in first lactation. Body heights and head dimensions were nearer to mature size at 3 and 6 mo than other measures. In both breeds, most rapid development was between 3 and 6 mo, but Jersey matured 1 to 2% faster. Age (2 to 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 10, greater than 10 yr) was significant for most postmortem measurements. Correlations among measures of external form were .30 to .93. Correlations between external form and internal features or between internal dimensions and organs were lower. External and internal features were positively correlated, but few external features showed strong enough association with internal features for use as predictors of size of organs, glands, or digestive capacity.

Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food‐producing animals. Part I: Cattle and swine

“… The studies involved in the relative organ weight calculations are as follows: 1. Matthews et al (1975); 2. Andrew et al (1994); 3.…”

“… Data were extracted from studies by Andrew et al (1994) and Matthews et al (1975). Please refer to the Appendix Tab “Tissue Vol Comp Summary” in Supporting Information for details about these data. …”

“…The adrenal gland data for cattle were obtained from three different studies (Buntyn et al, 2017; Garrett, Heitman, & Booth, 1968; Matthews, Swett, & McDowell, 1975). The adrenal glands constitute approximately 0.006% of the body weight in cattle (including both beef cattle and dairy cows) (Table 1).…”

“…The calculated mean relative blood volume in cattle was 4.31% based on data from 893 animals of 9 studies (Hansard, 1956; Hansard, Butler, Comar, & Hobbs, 1953; Larsen et al, 2017; Long, Prado‐Cooper, Krehbiel, DeSilva, & Wettemann, 2010; Matthews et al, 1975; McCurdy, Krehbiel, Horn, Lancaster, & Wagner, 2010; Rotta, Filho, et al, 2015; Rumsey, Elsasser, Kahl, Moseley, & Solomon, 1996; Swett, Matthews, Miller, & Graves, 1933) (Table 1). This value is close to the reported mean value of 4% for cattle in a previous review article (Lin, Gehring, et al, 2016).…”

A kinetic model of copper metabolism in lactating dairy cows

“…The day of (Matthews et al 1975) and assumed to remain constant during the study. of the tracer from the liver during that time (Fig.…”