Extracellular vesicle production in Gram‐positive bacteria

Dean, Scott N.; Thakur, Meghna; Spangler, Joseph R.

doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13956

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the prophageinducing state, dairy lactococci have also been shown to exhibit increased extracellular vesicle formation through the activity of the phage holin-lysin system (Liu et al, 2022). This phenomenon is not confined to lactococci and is also known to occur in a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Dean et al, 2022). Extracellular vesicles may carry nucleic acids, viral particles and enzymes within their membranes and they are implicated in functions including cell-to-cell communication, elimination of competitors and nutrient sensing (Bose et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2022).…”

Section: Bacteriophage Genome Sequence Simil Arities Suggest Common A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the diversification of lactococcal starter and non‐starter species in mesophilic dairy culture systems

Mahony

Bottacini

Sinderen

2023

Microbial Biotechnology

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Lactococcus is one of the earliest identified fermentative bacterial genera and among its member species, the dairy‐associated Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus cremoris are undoubtedly the best studied. These two species are believed to have evolved from plant‐associated lactococci and through genome decay and acquisition of plasmids, have adapted to the dairy niche. The past decade has witnessed a surge of activity in novel lactococcal species identification from insect, plant and animal sources. Currently, 22 Lactococcus species are described and in this review, we summarise the genome characteristics of and phylogenetic relationships among these species. Furthermore, we explore the role of mobile elements including plasmids and bacteriophages in the diversification of lactococcal species. The pace of identification of novel lactococcal species suggests that the number of lactococcal species is likely to continue to grow. With additional sequence data for the emerging species, it will be possible to perform pathogenicity/virulence risk evaluations and generate extensive insights into the niche adaptation strategies through which they have evolved.

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Section: Bacteriophage Genome Sequence Simil Arities Suggest Common A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the diversification of lactococcal starter and non‐starter species in mesophilic dairy culture systems

Mahony

Bottacini

Sinderen

2023

Microbial Biotechnology

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“…This is supported by the detection of these molecules in EVs, as revealed by mass spectrometry [ 55 ]. Finally, the differences in the phospholipids between EVs and their parental cells indicate that EVs are generated at specific locations [ 56 ].…”

Section: Gut Microbiota-derived Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gram-negative OMVs are produced when the outer membrane asymmetry is achieved (Model A), misfolded proteins are condensed in the outer membrane (Model B), and lipopolysaccharides are modified (Model C) [ 40 ]. On the other hand, Gram-positive bacteria may vesiculate following a turgor pressure or via the action of cell-wall-modifying enzymes or protein channels [ 56 ]. Figure created with (accessed on 15 October 2021).…”

Section: Gut Microbiota-derived Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota Extracellular Vesicles as Signaling Molecules Mediating Host-Microbiota Communications

Sultan

Mottawea

Yeo

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Over the past decade, gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to many health disorders; however, the detailed mechanism of this correlation remains unclear. Gut microbiota can communicate with the host through immunological or metabolic signalling. Recently, microbiota-released extracellular vesicles (MEVs) have emerged as significant mediators in the intercellular signalling mechanism that could be an integral part of microbiota-host communications. MEVs are small membrane-bound vesicles that encase a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds (i.e., proteins, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids), thus mediating the horizontal transfer of their cargo across intra- and intercellular space. In this study, we provide a comprehensive and in-depth discussion of the biogenesis of microbial-derived EVs, their classification and routes of production, as well as their role in inter-bacterial and inter-kingdom signaling.

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“…For many years, it was believed that Gram-positive bacteria could not produce EVs due to the presence of a cell wall. However, nowadays, a wide variety of Gram-positive bacteria have been shown to produce EVs, including Staphylococcus aureus ( 24 ), Listeria monocytogenes , Clostridium perfringens , Bacillus anthracis ( 25 , 26 ) and Bacillus subtilis ( 24 ). EVs of Gram-positive bacteria have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy and proteomic analyses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory properties of Bacillus subtilis extracellular vesicles on rainbow trout intestinal cells and splenic leukocytes

Vicente-Gil,

Nuñez-Ortiz,

Morel

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-surrounded vesicles that carry bioactive molecules. Among EVs, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), specifically produced by Gram-negative bacteria, have been extensively characterized and their potential as vaccines, adjuvants or immunotherapeutic agents, broadly explored in mammals. Nonetheless, Gram-positive bacteria can also produce bilayered spherical structures from 20 to 400 nm involved in pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, nutrient uptake and nucleic acid transfer. However, information regarding their immunomodulatory potential is very scarce, both in mammals and fish. In the current study, we have produced EVs from the Gram-positive probiotic Bacillus subtilis and evaluated their immunomodulatory capacities using a rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line (RTgutGC) and splenic leukocytes. B. subtilis EVs significantly up-regulated the transcription of several pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial genes in both RTgutGC cells and splenocytes, while also up-regulating many genes associated with B cell differentiation in the later. In concordance, B. subtilis EVs increased the number of IgM-secreting cells in splenocyte cultures, while at the same time increased the MHC II surface levels and antigen-processing capacities of splenic IgM+ B cells. Interestingly, some of these experiments were repeated comparing the effects of B. subtilis EVs to EVs obtained from another Bacillus species, Bacillus megaterium, identifying important differences. The data presented provides evidence of the immunomodulatory capacities of Gram-positive EVs, pointing to the potential of B. subtilis EVs as adjuvants or immunostimulants for aquaculture.

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Extracellular vesicle production in Gram‐positive bacteria

Abstract: Summary This is a highlight on the article ‘Extracellular vesicle formation in Lactococcus lactis is stimulated by prophage‐encoded holin‐lysin system’ by Yue Liu, Eddy Smid and Tjakko Abee.

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Towards the diversification of lactococcal starter and non‐starter species in mesophilic dairy culture systems

Towards the diversification of lactococcal starter and non‐starter species in mesophilic dairy culture systems

Gut Microbiota Extracellular Vesicles as Signaling Molecules Mediating Host-Microbiota Communications

Immunomodulatory properties of Bacillus subtilis extracellular vesicles on rainbow trout intestinal cells and splenic leukocytes

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