Extracellular Vesicles: Composition, Biological Relevance, and Methods of Study

Zaborowski, Mikołaj; Balaj, Leonora; Breakefield, Xandra O.; Lai, Charles P.

doi:10.1093/biosci/biv084

Cited by 967 publications

(805 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(234 reference statements)

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“…The biogenesis and release of Exos is a complex symphony involving a series of factors, representatively including the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT), ALIX (also known as programed cell death 6‐interacting protein), phospholipase, vacuolar protein sorting‐associated 4 (VPS4), Rab GTPase proteins, sphingomyelinase, and ceramide 57, 58, 59…”

Section: Biogenesis and Release Of Evsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modularized Extracellular Vesicles: The Dawn of Prospective Personalized and Precision Medicine

2018

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ubiquitous nanosized membrane vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins and nucleic acids, which are active in intercellular communications. EVs are increasingly seen as a vital component of many biological functions that were once considered to require the direct participation of stem cells. Consequently, transplantation of EVs is gradually becoming considered an alternative to stem cell transplantation due to their significant advantages, including their relatively low probability of neoplastic transformation and abnormal differentiation. However, as research has progressed, it is realized that EVs derived from native‐source cells may have various shortcomings, which can be corrected by modification and optimization. To date, attempts are made to modify or improve almost all the components of EVs, including the lipid bilayer, proteins, and nucleic acids, launching a new era of modularized EV therapy through the “modular design” of EV components. One high‐yield technique, generating EV mimetic nanovesicles, will help to make industrial production of modularized EVs a reality. These modularized EVs have highly customized “modular design” components related to biological function and targeted delivery and are proposed as a promising approach to achieve personalized and precision medicine.

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Section: Biogenesis and Release Of Evsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modularized Extracellular Vesicles: The Dawn of Prospective Personalized and Precision Medicine

2018

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“…Exosomes released from cancer cells show different biological functions, such as increased proliferation and invasion of other cancer cells, stimulation of endothelial cells to form tubules that support tumor angiogenesis, and inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, depending on the recipient cells (Zaborowski et al, 2015). Therefore, visualization of exosomes with specific antibody binding in cells through immunogold EM can clearly show their functions.…”

Section: Cryofixation Of Exosome-treated Cells and Cryo-tem Of Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Analysis of Exosomes Using Different Types of Electron Microscopy

Choi

Mun

2017

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Negative staining has been traditionally used for exosome imaging; however, the technique is limited to surface topology only and can cause staining artifacts. Therefore, to analyze the internal structure of exosomes, we employed a method of block preparation, thin sectioning, and electron tomography. In addition, an automatic serial sectioning technique with 15-nm thickness through focused ion beam was employed to observe the three-dimensional structure of exosomes of various sizes. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy revealed the near-to-native structure of exosomes.

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“…For one, exosomes naturally carry RNA, lipid, protein and metabolite cargo [1,[3][4][5] which enables their use as drug delivery vehicles. Additionally, similar to cells, exosomes contain a deformable cytoskeleton and 'gel-like' cytoplasmderived core [1].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post Isolation Modification of Exosomes for Nanomedicine Applications

Hood

2016

Nanomedicine (Lond.)

166

118

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Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles. They innately possess ideal structural and biocompatible nanocarrier properties. Exosome components can be engineered at the cellular level. Alternatively, when exosome source cells are unavailable for customized exosome production, exosomes derived from a variety of biological origins can be modified post isolation which is the focus of this article. Modification of exosome surface structures allows for exosome imaging and tracking in vivo. Exosome membranes can be loaded with hydrophobic therapeutics to increase drug stability and efficacy. Hydrophilic therapeutics such as RNA can be encapsulated in exosomes to improve cellular delivery. Despite advances in post isolation exosome modification strategies, many challenges to effectively harnessing their therapeutic potential remain. Future topics of exploration include: matching exosome subtypes with nanomedicine applications, optimizing exosomal nanocarrier formulation and investigating how modified exosomes interface with the immune system. Research into these areas will greatly facilitate personalized exosome-based nanomedicine endeavors.

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Extracellular Vesicles: Composition, Biological Relevance, and Methods of Study

Cited by 967 publications

References 99 publications

Modularized Extracellular Vesicles: The Dawn of Prospective Personalized and Precision Medicine

Modularized Extracellular Vesicles: The Dawn of Prospective Personalized and Precision Medicine

Structural Analysis of Exosomes Using Different Types of Electron Microscopy

Post Isolation Modification of Exosomes for Nanomedicine Applications

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