Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Secretome-based acellular therapy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in degenerative and immunological disorders: A narrative review

“…They contain (i) apoptotic bodies (50–100 μm in diameter, liberated by dying cells, and expressing thrombospondin, annexin V, and phosphatidylserine bio-markers); (ii) oncosomes (1000 nm in size, originate from cancer cells, and express ARF2, annexin A1/A2, and cancer-specific biomarkers); (iii) DNA, coding and non-coding RNA, proteins, lipids, nuclear fractions, and organelles [ 2 , 52 ].…”

“…They express CD9, CD63, CD81, flotillin, TSG101, Alix, soluble NSF attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and ESCRT biomarkers. Exosomes are generated when the endosomal membrane invaginates into the multivesicular body (MVB), merges with the cytoplasmic membrane, and is liberated into the extracellular space [ 2 , 52 , 53 ].…”

“…Depending on size, surface characteristics, and density, BMSC-derived EVs are further classified as exosomes, microvesicles, or apoptotic bodies. BMSCs-secretomes are made up of proteins (growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, ferments), lipids (eicosanoids), and free nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, siRNA, mRNA, miRNA) [ 2 ]. By focusing on multiple genes through post-transcriptional repression or degradation and on targeting different effector proteins of multiple signalling pathways, BMSC-secretomes have exhibited exceptional regenerative, antiapoptotic, antifibrotic, immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory properties in the domains of cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and the management of immunological dysregulations.…”