Extracellular vesicles from adipose mesenchymal stem cells target inflamed lymph nodes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

A Cellular Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to Study the Therapeutic Effects of Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Microglial Activation

“…Cells were seeded in 75 cm 2 flasks and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (GIBCO, Thermo Fisher Scientifics, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 . The characterization of adipose-derived MSCs agreed with the MSC standards established by the International Society for Cell Therapy (ISCT) [ 76 ], as we previously reported [ 35 , 77 , 78 ]…”

“…Cells were seeded in 75 cm 2 flasks and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (GIBCO, Thermo Fisher Scientifics, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37 • C in 5% CO 2 . The characterization of adipose-derived MSCs agreed with the MSC standards established by the International Society for Cell Therapy (ISCT) [76], as we previously reported [35,77,78] ASC-EVs were isolated from the culture medium of ASCs at 14-18 passages. ASCs were cultured to confluence, and then they were FBS deprived for 48 h to avoid the contamination of the vesicles from the serum.…”

“…EVs have protective and regenerative capacities and the ability to modulate the immune response [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], and they could represent an alternative to cell-based therapy [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. In fact, the neuroprotective effect of EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells has been extensively reported in the literature in several models of neurodegeneration [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. In particular, our group demonstrated that MSC-EVs protect motor neurons from degeneration in ALS models, both in vitro and in vivo [ 36 ], and are able to rescue mitochondrial function in NSC-34 motor neurons [ 36 , 37 ].…”