Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma and Laboratory Possibilities for Their Assessment

Abstract

Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of many diseases, including lung disorders, with the possibility of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The analysis of EV in respiratory tract diseases faces many obstacles, including material collection from airways, standardization of isolation techniques, detection methods, the analysis of their content, etc. This review focuses on the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of atopic respiratory diseases, especially asthma, with a special focus on their clinical applicability as a diagnostic tool. We also summarize available laboratory techniques that enable the detection of EVs in various biological materials, with particular emphasis on flow cytometry. The opportunities and limitations of detecting EV in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were also described.

Microbiome profiling of nasal extracellular vesicles in patients with allergic rhinitis

“…Extracellular vesicles are considered responsible for communication between cells and are frequently used to investigate the pathogenesis of various diseases, including AR. 15 Extracellular vesicles secreted from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were originally called membrane vesicles (MVs) and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as nucleic acids, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and toxins are present in MVs or OMVs.…”

The Role of Non-Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy

“…As far as the indirect presentation is concerned, antigen or antigen/MHC complex transfer is also engaged, as well as cross-priming and cross-dressing presentation pathways. These topics have been extensively covered already in excellent publications (138)(139)(140)(141)(142)(143)(144). Hence, since the focus of this review is the EVs secreted by nonimmune cells which are often overlooked but also extensively participate in immune responses, their contribution will be presented next.…”

“Liquid biopsy” - extracellular vesicles as potential novel players towards precision medicine in asthma

“…Rapidly accumulating evidence from in vitro , in vivo , and human studies has demonstrated that EVs have a potential role in asthma diagnostic options ( 9 , 10 ). Asthma is a major chronic inflammatory lung disease affecting the quality of life of people of all ages worldwide, characterized by reversible airway obstruction causing dyspnea and cough ( 11 , 12 ).…”