Extracellular vesicles in bacterial and fungal diseases – Pathogenesis to diagnostic biomarkers

Jnana, Apoorva; Sadiya, S S; Satyamoorthy, Kapaettu; Murali, TS

doi:10.1080/21505594.2023.2180934

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 174 publications

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“…These molecular signatures reflect the physiological state and pathological alterations of the originating cells, making EVs valuable sources of diagnostic information. Moreover, the presence of EVs in easily accessible bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid enables noninvasive sampling, facilitating their utility in disease diagnosis and monitoring [ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ]. For instance, EVs present in saliva contain proteins and RNAs that function as biomarkers for oral cancer, periodontitis, and Sjögren’s syndrome, aiding in their early detection and disease monitoring [ 28 ].…”

Section: B Iomarkers Of Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cargo carried by EVs reflects the physiological state of the originating cells, making them valuable sources of diagnostic information [ 5 6 7 ]. Various studies have highlighted the diagnostic potential of EVs in cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases [ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ]. Furthermore, the stability of EVs in bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid enhances their utility as biomarkers, offering advantages over traditional diagnostic methods [ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracellular vesicles: Function, resilience, biomarker, bioengineering, and clinical implications

Sun,

Chang

2024

Tzu Chi Medical Journal

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in intercellular communication, disease pathology, and therapeutic innovation. Initially overlooked as cellular debris, EVs are now recognized as vital mediators of cell-to-cell communication, ferrying a cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, providing cellular resilience in response to stresses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of EVs, focusing on their role as biomarkers in disease diagnosis, their functional significance in physiological and pathological processes, and the potential of bioengineering for therapeutic applications. EVs offer a promising avenue for noninvasive disease diagnosis and monitoring, reflecting the physiological state of originating cells. Their diagnostic potential spans a spectrum of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. Moreover, their presence in bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid enhances their diagnostic utility, presenting advantages over traditional methods. Beyond diagnostics, EVs mediate crucial roles in intercellular communication, facilitating the transfer of bioactive molecules between cells. This communication modulates various physiological processes such as tissue regeneration, immune modulation, and neuronal communication. Dysregulation of EV-mediated communication is implicated in diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting their therapeutic potential. Bioengineering techniques offer avenues for manipulating EVs for therapeutic applications, from isolation and purification to engineering cargo and targeted delivery systems. These approaches hold promise for developing novel therapeutics tailored to specific diseases, revolutionizing personalized medicine. However, challenges such as standardization, scalability, and regulatory approval need addressing for successful clinical translation. Overall, EVs represent a dynamic frontier in biomedical research with vast potential for diagnostics, therapeutics, and personalized medicine.

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Section: B Iomarkers Of Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular vesicles: Function, resilience, biomarker, bioengineering, and clinical implications

Sun,

Chang

2024

Tzu Chi Medical Journal

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Unveiling the promise: Exosomes as game‐changers in anti‐infective therapy

Chavda,

Luo,

Bezbaruah

et al. 2024

Exploration

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs)‐based intercellular communication (through exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) is conserved across all kingdoms of life. In recent years, exosomes have gained much attention for targeted pharmaceutical administration due to their unique features, nanoscale size, and capacity to significantly contribute to cellular communication. As drug delivery vehicles, exosomes have several advantages over alternative nanoparticulate drug delivery technologies. A key advantage lies in their comparable makeup to the body's cells, which makes them non‐immunogenic. However, exosomes vesicles face several challenges, including a lack of an effective and standard production technique, decreased drug loading capacity, limited characterization techniques, and underdeveloped isolation and purification procedures. Exosomes are well known for their long‐term safety and natural ability to transport intercellular nucleic acids and medicinal compounds across the blood‐brain‐barrier (BBB). Therefore, in addition to revealing new insights into exosomes’ distinctiveness, the growing availability of new analytical tools may drive the development of next‐generation synthetic systems. Herein, light is shed on exosomes as drug delivery vehicles in anti‐infective therapy by reviewing the literature on primary articles published between 2002 and 2023. Additionally, the benefits and limitations of employing exosomes as vehicles for therapeutic drug delivery are also discussed.

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Plasma‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers of sepsis in burn patients via label‐free Raman spectroscopy

O'Toole,

Lowe,

Arun

et al. 2024

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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Sepsis following burn trauma is a global complication with high mortality, with ∼60% of burn patient deaths resulting from infectious complications. Diagnosing sepsis is complicated by confounding clinical manifestations of the burn injury, and current biomarkers lack the sensitivity and specificity required for prompt treatment. There is a strong rationale to assess circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patient liquid biopsy as sepsis biomarkers due to their release by pathogens from bacterial biofilms and roles in the subsequent immune response. This study applies Raman spectroscopy to patient plasma‐derived EVs for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of sepsis in burn patients, achieving 97.5% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity. Furthermore, spectral differences between septic and non‐septic burn patient EVs could be traced to specific glycoconjugates of bacterial strains associated with sepsis morbidity. This work illustrates the potential application of EVs as biomarkers in clinical burn trauma care and establishes Raman analysis as a fast, label‐free method to specifically identify features of bacterial EVs relevant to infection amongst the host background.

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Extracellular vesicles in bacterial and fungal diseases – Pathogenesis to diagnostic biomarkers

Cited by 9 publications

References 174 publications

Extracellular vesicles: Function, resilience, biomarker, bioengineering, and clinical implications

Extracellular vesicles: Function, resilience, biomarker, bioengineering, and clinical implications

Unveiling the promise: Exosomes as game‐changers in anti‐infective therapy

Plasma‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers of sepsis in burn patients via label‐free Raman spectroscopy

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