“…In addition, when the blood comes into contact with the external surface of ECMO system, the coagulation cascade and immune system were triggered in a sequence by conformational inversion of adsorbed plasma proteins [ 4 , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] ]. The thrombus formed through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade after the activation of plasma proteins.…”